What do you mean by nationalism?
The expression of Nationalism was brought by the French Revolution in 1789. Nationalism developed a sense of common identity and shared past or descent. Political movements and struggles by the leaders led to this commonness. It emerged as a force to unify people which later led to the emergence of the nation-state.
Duke Metternich was the Chancellor of which country?
Duke Metternich was the Chancellor of Austria. He hosted the Vienna Congress in 1815.
What decisions were taken at the Congress of Vienna?
The Vienna Congress hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich in 1815 took several decisions It revoked the changes brought about by Napolean. The territories annexed by Napolean were given to Russia, Prussia, and Austria. The Bourbon Dynasty was restored to power. A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in the future. Thus, all the monarchies that were overthrown by Napolean were restored and a new conservative order was created in Europe.
Which treaty recognized Greece as an independent nation?
the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 marked the end of the Greek war of Independence and recognized Greece as an independent nation. The treaty was signed between Britain, France, and Russia on one side and the Ottoman Empire on the other side. Leopold stepped down as the claimant of the Greece throne.
Why the 1830s were the years of great economic hardship in Europe?
It is because of the following reasons:
● Due to the enormous population growth, there was a high demand for employment
● People from rural areas migrated to cities. Thus it leads to overcrowding.
● Cheap goods imported from england gave stiff competition to small producers.
What was the allegory of France called?
Marianne was the allegory of France. She wore a red cap with a tricolor cockade. The image portrayed the ideas of Liberty, Justice, and Republic. Her statues were erected in public squares as a symbol of national unity and to persuade others to identify with it. Marianne images were also marked on coins and stamps.
What was the reaction to the Napoleonic Code?
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How did the local people in the areas conquered by Napoleon react to French rule? Explain.
Napoleonic Code was the French Civil Code established under Napoleon in 1804. It produced mixed reactions from the French people.
● Initially, there was great enthusiasm among the people. In many places such as Holland and Switzerland, the French armies were welcomed as harbingers of liberty.
● But later these reactions turned into hostility. Because political freedom was limited due to censorship and forced conscription into the armies.
Explain the contribution of Giuseppe Mazzini in spreading revolutionary ideas in Europe.
Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary, born in Genoa in 1807. He was a member of the secret society of the Carbonari. Later he himself founded two secret societies, first, Young Italy in Marseilles, and the second, Young Europe in Berne, to spread his revolutionary ideas. He believed that nations are natural units of mankind and thus should not be fragmented into smaller states and kingdoms. He sought to unify Italy into a single republic which could form the basis of Italian liberty. He relentlessly opposed the monarchy and brought in sight his vision of a democratic republic. He also attempted to bring revolution in Liguria in 1831.
Explain the role of language in developing nationalist sentiments in Europe.
Language aroused the national sentiments in Europe. For instance, the Grimm brothers collected folktales in the German language to oppose French domination and create a German national identity.
The vernacular language carried the nationalist message to a large number of illiterate population. In the case of Poland, even after its partition, the nationalist feeling was kept alive through language. The imposition of the Russian language on the Polish people faced heavy resistance. Russian domination was also challenged by Clergy in Poland. It issued all religious instructions in Polish. As a result, many priests and bishops were put in jail. Thus, language became a weapon of national resistance and a symbol of the struggle against Russian domination.
“Italy had a long history of political fragmentation”.
Italy was divided into seven states and Italians were scattered over several dynasties as well as the multi-national Habsburg Empire. Only Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house. Else the whole of Italy was ruled by small monarchies. The north was under Austrian Habsburgs, the center was ruled by the Pope and the southern regions were under the domination of the Bourbon kings of Spain. Even the Italian language did not have a complete unified form as there were many regional and local variations. Thus, Italy was politically fragmented. During the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini sought to unify Italy into a Republic. Under the leadership of Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi, Italy was unified in 1861. And finally, Victor Emmanuel II became the king of unified Italy.
Who were the ‘liberal’? What ideas were supported by them?
● In the early 19th century, Europe was closely related to the ideology of liberalism.
● The term liberalism is derived from the latin word liber which means free.
● Liberalism means freedom of the individual and equality of everyone before law.
● It focused on the concept of the government by consent.
● It also promoted the right to vote and to get elected was generated only to the property owning men.
● Men without property and all the women did not had any political right.
● This section of the society organized movements demanding equal political rights.
● It also abolished all the restrictions imposed by states on the movements of goods and capitals.
● New commercial classes had grown and they demanded a creation of unified economic territory allowing the free movement of goods and capital.
● The union abolished all the tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from 30 to 2.
Write briefly about the political condition in Europe in the 1870s.
The political conditions of Europe in the 18th century are mentioned below:
● The nationalism did not had its idealistic liberal democratic sentiment in the first half of the 18th century.
● Nationalist groups had became had narrow creeds with limited ends.
● They were no longer trusting or tolerant of each other.
● The most serious source of nationalist tension in 1871 was in Balkans.
● It was a region of geographical and ethnic variations.
● One by one it’s European nationalities broke away from its control and declare independence.
● It became an area of intense conflicts.
● The Balkans states formed a high degree of rivalry among them.
● But the idea that societies should be organized into nation’s states was accepted as natural and universal.
Ideas of national unity in early 19th century Europe were closely allied to the ideology of liberalism. Who favoured the ideology of liberalism? What value can be derived from the term ‘liberalism’?
● Liberals began a revolution in 1848 period. They began many national movements pioneered by educated middle class.
● They stood for the freedom of individuals and equality of all before the law.
● Politically, the idea of liberalism advocated for a constitutional and represented government through Parliament.
● It supported the ideas of national unity and abolition of aristocratic power.
● It did not promote the idea of universal suffrage.
● Socially, it supported the freedom of individual and equality of all before the law.
● Economically, it focused on freedom on market and abolition of state imposed restrictions on the movements of goods and capitals.
● It abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies.
A new system of weights and measures was introduced