Living World Of Animals - Diversity In Living Organism - Kingdom Animalia

Spider is not an insect. It is a small animal that belongs to the phylum Anthropoda (organism with jointed legs). Housefly, bedbug and mosquito are insects.

Spider is not an insect. It is a small animal that belongs to the phylum Anthropoda (organism with jointed legs). Housefly, bedbug and mosquito are insects.

The “Echiondermata” group consists only marine organisms. The phylum Echinodermata means spiny skinned animals. For example: Star fish, Sea Lily, Sea Urchin etc

All coelenterates are aquatic animals.

i. The body of such animals is radial.

ii. The body wall has two layers of cells.

iii. The two layers of cells are separated by a jelly-like substance called Mesoglea.

Amoebic dysentery is caused by a protozoa called

“Entamoeba histolytica”. This is mostly found in dirty food and water.

Note: Protozoa means “proto”- first; “zoa” – animals. This phylum includes a great diversity of small, microscopic organisms.

Poikilothermic animals are referred as cold-blood animals. The temperature of their body changes with the temperature of surroundings.

i. Fishes, amphibians and reptiles are cold-blood animals. Hence they are poikilothermic animals.

ii. Aves and mammals are warm-blood animals. Hence this pair is not a poikilothermic animal.

All the reptiles have three-chambered heart. But crocodile (an exception) has four-chambered heart. The reptiles having three-membered heart are lizard, snake, calote (a category of lizard), frog, toad etc.

Chordates have four different glands which are:

i. Sweat glands

ii. Sebaceous glands

iii. Scent glands

iv. Mammary glands

Hence, green gland is not a feature of chordates.

Note: The phylum “Arthropoda” have green glands. The word arthropod means jointed legs.

The most common larva is a bipinnaria larva which is bilateral symmetrical and when it becomes adult, it transforms itself into radially symmetrical.

Note: In radial symmetry:

i. The body parts are arranged around the central axis.

ii. If we cut through the central axis in any direction, it can be divided into similar halves.

iii. E.g. Hydra, jelly fish and star fish.

In bilateral symmetry:

i. The body parts are arranged along a central axis.

ii. If we cut through the central axis, we get two identical halves.

iii. E.g. Frog.

Acrania is an animal that is not having a skull (cranium). Hence it is considered as Sub-phylum Acraniata – Prochordata.

In Hemichordates:

i. Marine organisms do not have backbone.

ii. The body is soft and vermiform (body like worm)

iii. The body is unsegmented (no segments are there)

iv. The body is tribloplastic (three germ layers).

v. They act as filter feeders.

Hermaphrodite organisms include worms. These worms have both female and male reproductive organs. Thus, Hydra, Tapeworm, Ascaris (round worm), Earthworm are hermaphrodite organisms.

Poikilothermic organisms are referred as cold-blood animals.

i. Fishes, amphibians and reptiles are cold-blood animals. Hence fish, frog, lizard, snake are poikilothermic organisms.

ii. Aves (birds) and mammals are warm-blood animals. Hence crow (ave), man and cow (mammals) are not poikilothermic organisms.

Crop, gizzard and air sacs are seen in a bird.

i. Alimentary canal is provided with crop and gizzard.

ii. Air sacs are present to make the bird light weight.

In tape worm, excretion takes place through flame cells.

i. Tapeworms come under the category of phylum “Platyhelminthes”.

ii. This phylum includes all the flatworms.

The alimentary canal in a round worm is a straight tube. Ascaris is an example of round worm.

During ecdysis (shedding old skin) or moulting, the animal has to shed off “chitin” periodically. In Arthroprod, the exoskeleton is made up of chitin.

Cephalization is a process of head formation.

Osculum

The excretory opening of Porifera is osculum. Osculum helps in the circulation of water and excretes out its waste.

Phylum Mollusca (Soft Bodied Animals)

Phylum Mollusca:

i. It is the second largest phylum of animal kingdom.

ii. It is a very successful and diverse group of aquatic animals living in both marine and freshwater habitats.

iii. These are soft-blooded animals.

iv. Their body is unsegmented.

v. For example: Octopus, Giant squid

10^th February

National Deworming day is observed on February 10^th every year in India.

i. Deworming is a treatment for Ascaris infection.

ii. Ascaris causes infection in the human intestine.

iii. This can cause stomach pain and many diseases.

Fishes

In fishes:

i. The body of fish has a covering of scales.

ii. Body muscles are arranged into segments called myotomes.

iii. The gills help in respiration.

tadpole

The larvae of an amphibian is tadpole. Amphibians can live in both land and water. They have three-chambered heart.

Tadpole-Larva of frog

Air space

Air sacs are present to make the bird light weight. So that they can easily communicate with the air. The bones are filled with air hence called pneumatic bones.

mammals

Placenta is a characteristic feature of mammals. Placenta helps in the exchange of rich nutrients between mother and child in the womb.

Pavo cristatus

Our national bird is Peacock. Its binomial name is Pavo cristatus.

i. Carolus Linnaeus introduced the method of naming the animals with two names known as binomial names.

ii. The first name is called genus which is always written with the first letter capital.

iii. The second one is the species name always written in small letter.

Fish and prawn production

The blue revolution is the rearing of fish and prawn production. Blue revolution is mainly for aquaculture.

Note: Culturing of aquatic organisms is referred to as Aquaculture.

Scrotal sacs

In mammals:

i. Testis lie outside the body cavity.

ii. These are enclosed in scrotal sacs.

iii. Fertilization is always internal.

False

The canal system is absent in coelenterates. The symmetery of coelenterates is radial. The canal system is mainly observed in Porifera.

True

Hermaphrodite animals have both female and male reproductive organs in a single individual.

i. These members are parasitic in nature.

ii. These include flatworms (example-tapeworm)

False

Nephridia is not a respiratory organ of Annelida.

i. Nephridia is an excretory organ of Annelida.

ii. It helps to remove metabolic wastes from animal’s body .

False

Bipinnaria is the larva of Echinodermata which are spiny skinned animals. Trochophore, and veliger larva are the most common larvae of

Mollusca (soft bodied animals).

False

Balanoglossus is a hermaphrodite animal. Hermaphrodite animals are filter feeder. They are not ciliary feeder.

True

Fishes have two chambered heart with an auricle and a ventricle. These are poikilothermic animals. This means fishes are cold blooded organisms.

Note: Ventricle pumps blood out of the heart. Atrium receives blood returning to the heart.

False

Skin of amphibians (can live in both land and water) are smooth and moist whereas skin of reptiles is dry. Basically skin glands are absent in reptilians.

True

Birds have two pairs of limbs, in that forelimbs are modified wings. The hind limbs are for walking and running.

False

Male mammals have scrotal sacs. Testis (a part of male reproductive organ) lie outside the body cavity, enclosed in scrotal sacs.

False

Cloaca is not present in all vertebrates. It is present in amphibians, reptiles, birds, fishes (such as sharks). It is absent in mammals and fishes having bones.

(A)- iv

In phylum “Coelenterata”, organism may exist only in two different body forms namely a “polyp” and a “medusa”.

Hydra is an example of polyp.

Hydra - a polyp

(B)- iii

The phylum “Platyhelminthes” includes flat worms.

Tapeworm is a type of flatworm. The binomial name of tapeworm is

“Taenia solium”.

(C)- ii

The phylum “Echinodermata” which consists only marine animals. These are spiny-skinned animals. Star fish belongs to this phylum. Some other animals are sea urchin, sea lily etc.

Starfish- Echinodermata

(D) – i

Mollusca is the second largest phylum of animal kingdom.

i. These are soft bodied animals without segmentation.

ii. The body is covered by an outer shell.

iii. Example: snail

Snail – Mollusca

Hydra belongs to the phylum of Porifera.

i. In Porifera, the body wall has two layers of cells.

ii. Due to presence of two layers , they are said to be diploblastic

Animals.

Hence, both assertion and reason is correct.

The Prochordates are considered as the development Of vertebrata. Since they do not have a cranium or skull they are referred to as Acrania.

Hence, assertion is correct and the reason is wrong.

Taxonomy is the theoretical study of classification of organisms including its basic principles, procedures and rules. Classification is based on:

i. Similarities of organisms.

ii. Dissimilarities of organisms.

iii. Relationship between organisms

In phylum Porifera, the tentacles bear stinging cells are called nematocyst. Nematocysts are also called cnidoblasts.

i. Cnidocil is present in Porifera.

ii. They are also called as Cnidaria.

Coelenterates are called diploblastic animals because:

i. Coelenterates animals have two layers of cells.

ii. One layer is ectoderm (outer) and other one is endoderm (inner)

iii. Both the layers are separated by a jelly substance called mesoglea.

iv. Due to the presence of two layers, they are called diploblastic animals.

Earthworm is called as Friend of farmers because:

i. They eat all the animal and plant wastes (biodegradable materials) present into the soil.

ii. As a result, they convert them into good manure.

iii. This increases soil fertility.

iv. They are eco-friendly organisms.

v. They make the soil more porous and airy by loosening the soil.

vi. They increase the water holding capacity.

The respiratory organs of amphibians are:

i. Gills

ii. Skin

iii. Bucco-phrynx

iv. Lungs

No Jelly fish and star fish are not similar to catfish. The differences are:

The Prochordates are considered as the development of vertebrata. Since they do not have a cranium or skull they are referred to as Acrania.

The sub-phylum of prochordates are:

i. Hemichordata – Marine organism without backbone.

Balanglossus (Hemichordate)

ii. Cephalochordata – Small fish with unpaired dorsal fin.

iii. Urochordata – The adults are mostly degenerate, and are sessile forms.

Ascidian (Urochordate)

Frogs are said to be amphibians because:

i. They can live in both land and water.

ii. They spend their lives in water when they are in the form of eggs.

iii. When they become tadpoles and finally frogs, they start to live on land.

Silver revolution refers to the rise in the production of eggs. It was mainly done by providing rich nutrients to hens. Medical help was also provided to hens to increase the production of eggs.

Phylum Annelida:

i. Earthworms, leeches and marine worms belongs to this phylum.

ii. They are segmented worms.

iii. They have a body cavity called coelom.

iv. They have movable bristles called setae which help in their movement.

v. They have a nervous system with brain.

vi. They have Nephridia which help to remove metabolic wastes.

vii. The most common larva is trochopore.

Earthworms

Leech

The excretory organs of invertebrates in relation to their habitats are:

i. Phylum Protozoa: Excretion of waste (carbon dioxide and ammonia) takes place by the process of diffusion through body surface. There are no specific excretory organs.

ii. Phylum Porifera: Pore-bearers excrete through osculum.

iii. Phylum Plathyelminthes: Flat worms excrete through flame cells.

iv. Phylum Annelida: Nephridia are excretory structures and help to remove metabolic wastes.

v. Phylum Arthropoda: Excretion occurs through malphigian Tubules and green glands

vi. Phylum Echinoderamata: Excretory organs are absent.

vii. Phylum Coelenterata: There are no particular excretory organs. Excretion take place by the process of diffusion.

viii. Phylum Mollusca: Excretion takes place through one or two pairs of kidneys present in them.

Coelenterates:

i. The body symmetry of coelenterates is radial.

ii. The body wall is of two layers.

iii. One layer is ectoderm (outer) and other layer is endoderm (inner).

iv. Both the walls are separated by a jelly-like substance called mesoglea.

v. Due to the presence of two layers, hence they are called diploblastic animals.

Phylum chordates are the animals with backbones. This phylum derives its name from one of the common characteristics of this group namely the notochord.

i. Prochordates are considered as the development of vertebrata.

As they do not have brain, hence they are referred as Acrania.

ii. These are divided into three sub-pylums which are Hemichordata, Cephalochordata and Urochordata.

Hemichordata

i. These are marine organisms.

ii. They do not have backbones.

iii. The body is soft, bilateral symmetrical and unsegmented.

Cephalochordata

i. These are small fish.

ii. These are marine organisms with unpaired dorsal fin.

Urochordata

i. The adults are mostly degenerate, and are sessile forms.

ii. The body is enveloped by a tunic or test.

Five characteristic features of fishes are:

i. Fishes are poikilothermic (cold blooded animals)

ii. The paired and median fins help in their movement.

iii. They respire through gills

iv. They have two chambered heart.

v. The body has a covering of scales.

Let’s take example of frogs:

i. Frogs can live in both land and water.

ii. They spend their lives in water when they are in the form of eggs.

iii. When they become tadpoles and finally frogs, they start to live on land.

That’s how amphibians change their aquatic and terrestrial habits.

The differences are:

The three sub-phylums are classified on the basis of notochord:

i. Sub phylum Hemichordata

The notochord is persistent as the stomochord in the anterior region of the animal.

ii. Sub phylum Cephalochordata

The persistent notochord extends forward beyond the brain.

iii. Sub phylum Urochordata

In Urochordata the notochord is confined to the tail region of the larva.

The limbs of the birds:

i. The birds have two pairs of limbs.

ii. In that, forelimbs are modified as wings.

iii. The hind limbs are adapted for walking and running.

The four different integumentary (skin) glands of mammals are:

i. Sweat glands – These are used in cooling the skin.

ii. Sebaceous glands – These glands are associated with hair. These

secrete an oily substance called sebum itno the hair of skin.

That’s how sebum protects the skin surface.

Sebacious gland

iii. Scent glands – These glands attract other ones.

iv. Mammary glands –These glands secrete milk for the young ones.

Prochordates:

i. Prochordates are considered as the development of vertebrata.

As they do not have brain, hence they are referred as Acrania.

ii. These are divided into three sub-pylums which are Hemichordata, Cephalochordata and Urochordata.

iii. The three sub-phylums are classified on the basis of notochord.

Hemichordata

i. These are marine organisms.

ii. They do not have backbones.

iii. The body is soft, bilateral symmetrical and unsegmented.

iv. The notochord is persistent as the stomochord in the anterior region of the animal.

Balanoglossus

Cephalochordata

i. These are small fish.

ii. These are marine organisms with unpaired dorsal fin.

iii. The persistent notochord extends forward beyond the brain.

Amphioxus

Urochordata

i. The adults are mostly degenerate, and are sessile forms.

ii. The body is enveloped by a tunic or test.

iii. In Urochordata the notochord is confined to the tail region of the larva.

Ascidian

The types of invertebrate phyla are:

i. Phylum Porifera

ii. Phylum Coelenterata

iii. Phylum Plathyelminthes

iv. Phylum Nematoda

v. Phylum Annelida

vi. Phylum Arthropoda

vii. Phylum Mollusca

viii. Phylum Echinoderamata

Excretory organs of invertebrates in relation with animals are:

i. Phylum Protozoa: Excretion of waste (carbon dioxide and ammonia) takes place by the process of diffusion through body surface. There are no specific excretory organs. For example- amoeba

ii. Phylum Porifera: Pore-bearers excrete through osculum.

iii. Phylum Plathyelminthes: Flat worms excrete through flame cells.

iv. Phylum Annelida: Nephridia are excretory structures and help to remove metabolic wastes. For example- Earthworm

v. Phylum Arthropoda: Excretion occurs through malphigian tubules. For example: Coackroaches Excretory organs of prawn are green glands

vi. Phylum Echinoderamata: Excretory organs are absent.

vii. Phylum Coelenterata: There are no particular excretory organs. Excretion takes place by the process of diffusion. For example: Hydra

viii. Phylum Mollusca: Eexcretion takes place through one or two pairs of kidneys present in them.

Phylum—Arthropoda

i. Arthropod is an ancient and largest phylum.

ii. Insects, spiders, crabs, shrimps, butterflies, millipedes, centipedes and scorpions belongs to this phylum.

iii. Their bodies have a proper segmentation.

iv. Arthropordates shed “chitin” periodically.

v. The coelomic cavity is filled with haemolymph(blood).

vi. They do not have well defined blood vessels.

vii. This is called open circulatory system.

viii. Small arthropods directly absorb oxygen through their body surface.

ix. Excretion occurs through malphigian tubules and green glands.

The missing group is Hemichordata

Prochordates are divided into three sub-phylums which are:

i. Cephalochordata

ii. Hemichordate

iii. Urochordata

The missing group is Aves

Chordata (vertebrates) are divided into five groups

which are:

i. Pisces (fishes)

ii. Amphibia

iii. Reptilia

iv. Aves (birds)

v. Mammalia

(d)

The correct sequence is:

Fish → Frog → Snake → Dove → Lion

The above cycle follows a sequence.

Frog eats fish. Then snake eats fish. Snake is eaten by dove. And

finally dove is eaten by lion.

(1) Anthropods with their binomial names:

(2) The harmful animals are:

Centipedes

i. They are fast hunters.

ii. They kill the animals with a small poison.

iii. They come out at night and feed on animals.

Millipede

i. They live in the soil and feed mainly on rotting plants.

ii. They also attack the animals by inserting poison.

(3) Eggs of cockroaches

Eggs of lizards

Eggs of snakes

(4) The birds are:

i. Parrot

ii. Sparrow

iii. Cuckoos

iv. Pigeon

v. Plover

a) List of aquatic and terrestrial animals (amphibians):

1. Frogs

2. Toads

3. Mudpuppies

4. Newts

5. Salamanders

6. Caecilians

b) Three types of amphibians are there:

The Apoda (legless- worm like) Cecilians

The Urodela (tailed forms)

Mudpuupies, newts and salamanders

The Anura (tailess forms)

Frogs and toads