Marquess Of Hasting (a.d. 1813 - A.d. 1823)

Option (b) is correct because Lord Hastings had improved and expanded Lord Wellesley's reforms and policies by strengthening British power in India, making the Bombay Presidency, and suppressing all rebelling forces.

Option (a) is the correct option because The Charter Act was passed in 1813. Now the company was deprived of its monopoly to trade with India also 1 lakh rupees were given every year for the development of education.

Option (a) is correct because Peshwa Baji Rao II nullified the Treaty of Poona and attacked the British Residency on 5^th November 1817.

Option (b) is the correct option because the Ryotwari system of land revenue was introduced during Lord Hastings period in Madras presidency, but it was introduced by Thomas Munroe and Alexender Read.

Bengal Government,

Bengal Tenancy Act was passed in 1885 by the Bengal Government, to define the rights of zamindars and their tenants. It was a response to a widespread peasant revolt.

Sugauli

Sugauli in 1816. Nepal lost all Sikkim and the territories of western Terai, Kumaon, and Garhwal as per terms of the treaty. The British East India Company would pay 200,000 rupees every year, to compensate for the loss of Income from the Terai region. This treaty established the boundary line of Nepal.

Education and conversion in India. It founded modern Indian Education in English. It also allowed the Christian missionaries to spread Christianity in India and a Bishop was appointed in Bengal.

Nepal

The Gurkhas fought a war against the East India Company in 1814 and ended with a peace treaty signed in 1815. They were recruited to serve in the British Army.

1. Amar Singh → Gurkha leader

Amar Singh is a rebel Gorkha Janmukti Morcha leader. He is an MLA and a key ideologue of Gorkha Jan Mukti Morcha.

2. Marquess of Hastings → Governor General

Lord Hastings served India as governor general in between 1813 to 1823. His tenure is known for a policy of intervention and war. Gurkha war and third Anglo Maratha war happened during his tenure.

3. Amir Khan → Pindari leader

Amir Khan or Nawab Muhammad Amir Khan was a Nawab of Tonk. He was the most famous Pindari leader.

4. Kathmandu → capital of Nepal

Kathmandu is the capital city of Nepal. It is the largest metropolis city in Nepal. It is an urban city in Kathmandu Valley.

Raja Pratap Singh received Satara from the British, after the victory of the British empire in the Third Anglo-Maratha War. He was later dethroned, and the Satara was annexed eventually by the British.

India's first vernacular newspaper was Samachar Darpan. It was published in 1818 during the tenure of Lord Hastings. However, according to some scholars Bengal Gazette was published even prior to Samachar Darpan. In 1821 Raja Rammohan Rai started his own newspaper Sambad Kaumudi.

The Charter Act of 1813, allowed British missionaries to settle in India to spread Christianity and Western education. This act defined for the first time the constitutional position of British Indian territories and continued the British East India Company’s rule in India by the Parliament of Britain.

The causes for the Gurkha War were:

(i) Economic Causes- The East India Company wanted to establish shipping industries in India through Nepal. They also wanted to expand their trade to Tibet through Nepal. The government of Nepal did not favour foreign traders.

(ii) Political Causes- The unification of Nepal bothered the English, so they wanted to establish their own political security from rising threats and unification of forces in India and Nepal. The activities of Bhimsen Thapa, which included unification of Maratha and Punjab along with Tibet and Burma also opposed the English rule. Butwal and Syuraj in the Terai region were demanded by Hastings from the Nepal government to prevent the unification of forces but Thapa refused to surrender.

Peshwa Baji Rao II was overthrown and exiled and his territories were annexed by the British. A descendant of Shivaji, a puppet Peshwa received Satara, until it was finally annexed to the British. The British rule was firmly established in India after the defeat of the Maratha rule.

Hastings approved the Ryotwari System of land revenue introduced in the Madras Presidency. The Cornwallis Code was improved. The police system of Bengal spread to other regions. The importance of Indian Munsiffs had increased. The District Collector acted as the Magistrate. He also encouraged the establishment of English schools by missionaries. Hastings was also a patron of the Hindu College at Calcutta. He encouraged the freedom of Press and abolished the censorship introduced in 1799.

The Charter Act of 1813 was passed by the British Parliament to renew the charter of British East Indian Company and continue its rule in India. The earlier charter act of 1793 had given East India Company a monopoly to trade with the East for 20 years but the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte had forbidden the import of British goods into European countries dependent on France. The British traders then demanded the dissolution of the monopoly of the East India Company in India to boost the growth of British commerce and industry, which was opposed by the East India Company. To resolve this conflict, the charter act was passed.

The wars fought by Marquess of Hasting were:

(a) The war against the Ghurkas (1814-16)

Nepal was a powerful state of Gurkha. The hostility of the Gurkhas into the British territories resulted in war. In May 1814, the Gurkhas attacked a British police, post killing 18 policemen and the officer. Hastings declared war on Nepal. The war ended with the surrender of Amar Singh Thapa and defeat of Gurkhan forces. The Treaty of Sagauli was signed in 1816 which made the Gurkhas give up Terai region and areas: Kumaon and Garhwal. Hastings became Marquess of Hastings after this victory.

(b) Pindari War (1812-1816)

The Pindaris plundered the districts of Mirzapur and Shahabad. In 1816, they plundered the Northern Circars. Determined to suppress them, Lord Hastings gathered an army and attacked the Pindaris from four directions. He commanded the force from the north himself. By 1818, the Pinadaris were completely suppressed. The leaders disbanded including Wasil Muhammad who was taken captive by the British. He then committed suicide. By 1824, the Pindaris were completely dissolved.

(c) Third Anglo-Maratha War(1817-1818)

It was the final conflict between the British East India Company and the Maratha Empire. Peshwa Baji Rao II nullified the Treaty of Poona with the British and rose against the East India Company on 5th November 1817. He was supported by the forces of Mudhoji II Bhonsle of Nagpur and Malharrao Holkar III of Indore. All forces were defeated and the Maratha Empire had broken apart. The Peshwa was captured and exiled.

• The Charter Act of 1813 is also known as the East India Company Act.

• It was an Act of the Parliament of England.

• It was issued to the British East India Company to continue the Company's rule in India.

• The Act asserted the Crown's sovereignty over India. It granted 1 lakh rupees to enable English education in India.

• It permitted Christian missionaries to propagate English and preach their religion.

• The act allowed the local governments to impose taxes on the landowner under the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.

• A financial provision was made to encourage a revival in Indian literature and for the promotion of science.

Introduction of The Charter Act

In 1813, the Charter was passed by the British Parliament. It had provisions for education reforms in India. The missionaries wanted to impart western education in India and promote Christianity while the Directors of the East India Company influenced the Court of Directors to authorize the revival of Indian literature. The House of Commons set up a Committee for the renewal of the Charter of the Company. The result of this committee was that the missionaries were allowed to enter India and educate and promote their religion freely. Clause 43 was initiated under the Charter Act which bore three concepts:

• the revival and improvement of literature

• encouragement of the learned natives of India

• promotion of a knowledge of science among the natives

Importance

The Charter Act is an important chapter in the history of Indian Education. It enabled future educational developments in India as:

• The Company would undertake educational responsibility and duty of the Indians. For this, the company would grant 1 lakh a year.

• To execute clause 43 of the Act, the Company formed an agency of its own.

• A system of educational grants was initiated. The Company had entered the field of educational administration for providing financial aids, instead of passing it to the missionaries. The State system of education began and functioned henceforth.

• The Christian missionaries in India established several modern English schools and formed a well-organized modern educational system.

As a result of the Charter Act, India became a ground for missionaries from Scotland, Germany, and America besides England.