Coal And Petroleum

Among all the types of coal, anthracite has maximum content of carbon.

The carbon content in different types of coal is given as:

Bituminous Coal is used for household chores.

Naphthalene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compound, derived from crude oil or coal tar during steel production.

Kerosene is the fuel used in aircraft.

Petrol or petroleum is not used because it is costly & volatile fuel.

Diesel is not used because of its high freezing point, At higher altitudes, it is very difficult to keep the diesel in liquid form.

Hence, kerosene alongwith gasoline is used as jet aircraft fuel.

Fossil fuel is a naturally occurring fuel obtained from the remains dead organisms and vegetation.

Out of the given options, only petroleum is formed from the dead remains. Hence, it is a fossil fuel.

1. The expansion of LPG is liquid petroleum gas.

LPG is a hydrocarbon gas used as fuel in heating appliances, cooking equipment, and vehicles.

2. LPG is stored in gas form in the gas cylinder.

It is extracted from crude oil and natural gas. And, it is stored in liquid form under pressure in a steel container or tank.

3. The expansion of CNG is Compressed Natural Gas.

Compressed natural gas (CNG) is a fuel which can be used in place of petrol, diesel fuel and propane/LPG.

4. The chief element in coal is carbon.

Coal is mainly composed of carbon, along with other elements: hydrogen, sulphur, oxygen, and nitrogen.

5. Natural gas contains mainly methane.
Natural gas majorly consists of methane and contains small percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulphide, or helium.

6. Heating in absence of air is called calcination.

Calcination is a process of heating the ore below its melting point in absence of air whereas, roasting is a process of heating the element in presence of air.

7. Fossil fuels Is the primary source of energy
Fossil fuels, including coal, oil and natural gas, are currently the world's primary energy source.

8. The coal obtained in Neyveli is lignite

Jet is a compact form of lignite that is used as an ormental stone in a polished form.

9. The process of separating individual liquids, from the mixture of liquids which differ in their boiling point is called fractional distillation.

Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts, or fractions

10. Iron oxide is used as a reducing agent in steel manufacturing.

In the process of steel manufacturing, iron is changed into steel by blowing oxygen through the molten metal from the Blast Furnace. This oxidises the impurities in the molten metal.

The reason for quick cooking in Ram’s house and delayed cooking in Murugan’s house is use of LPG and wood respectively.

i. LPG burns completely and leaves no residue or smoke as it has higher hydrocarbon than wood.

ii. LPG gas catches fire easily and also has high calorific value. While wood is a solid and has low calorific value. Thus, it catches fire slowly.

a) Petrol

Reason: It is analogy relation of natural occurring substance and its product.

b) methane

Reason: It is analogy relation of gas and its constituents.

c) wind energy

Reason: Both are same type of energy fuels.

i. LPG gas is more preferable, because it is safe for human life and environment.

ii. LPG is clean fuel as no smoke is produced.

iii. LPG gas is more beneficial because is catches fire easily and takes less time.

Million years ago, when dead remains of plants got buried deep in soil. Then due to further act of pressure and high temperature, fossils were formed. Coal majorly consists of carbon. The process of conversion of dead plants to coal is called carbonisation.

The lowermost will be of 250^oc.

As after, distillation lower most is of highest temperature and at the top lowest temperature component gets accumulated.

Alternative sources of energy are:

Wind Energy: For wind energy, wind mills are established in the field. When fast air flows then blades rotate and current is generated which is produces electricity.

Biodiesel: It is fuel obtained from various types of oil. Oil like cotton seed, rice bran oil etc. are mainly used.

Solar energy: To generate solar energy solar panels are installed. Radiations from sun fall on these panels, which thus generates energy. This energy is further used in in) solar cookers, ii) solar cells iii) solar water heaters.

The type of coal having high heat energy is anthracite.

As it has highest amount of carbon thus it is clearest form of coal.

These countries have become rich in recent years, because oil deposits were discovered here in 1950s. thus these countries started exporting oil thus due to increase in export, wealth started increasing.

Every year on this date we switch off lights on earth hour 8:30 to 9:30. This is an initiate towards saving electricity and also spreading awareness among people that resources are scarce and we need to save it.

As together being united, we can save electricity.

In fig A so is because when we burn wood alone, it is leaves only ashes

But in fig B the wood is when covered with clay, then it forms charcoal. as due to covering of clay doesn’t lead to formation of ashes. Charcoal is a useful process.

The main reason behind this tragedy is the carelessness towards security of workers.

Precautionary measures:

i) Spreading awareness

ii) Keeping care of workers and other people around it

iii) Using all the products properly.

I. Lanterns can catch fire; thus, it is very dangerous. Ii.

II. Whereas, torch lights don’t catch as it has batteries in it. Therefore, it is safer.

Whenever we identify that there is leakage of LPG in kitchen, then certain measures should be taken: -

a. Close the LPG regulator immediately

b. Don’t switch on/off electric switches.

c. Open door and windows to ventilate.

d. Isolate main electrical supply from outside

LPG is a gas. thus, can be lit easily by gas lighter. But wood is a solid. Also, LPG has high calorific value, while wood has high calorific value.