Life Processes

Mycorrhizal roots are found in monotropa which helps in nourishment.

When yeast undergoes anaerobic respiration it releases alcohol and carbon dioxide. From the options given above ethanol is alcohol. Whereas rest of the options are acids.

‘Tropism’ means movement towards something. ‘Photo’ means light, ‘Geo’ means earth, ‘Chemo’ means chemicals and ‘Hydro’ means water. So, therefore hydrotropism means movement of roots towards the water.

Xylem tissue is responsible for transporting water whereas phloem tissue is responsible for transport of food and amino acids.

‘Auto’ means on their own. So, autotrophic nutrition is a process in which organism is able to prepare their own food. For example plants, they require Carbon dioxide, water, chlorophyll, and sunlight to prepare their food.

Stomata are the small opening on the leaves. All the exchange of gases for the process of photosynthesis takes place through stomata. Along with this, it is responsible for water loss known as transpiration

Chlorophyll is responsible for trapping sunlight which is used in making food. It is present inside chloroplasts. So, chloroplasts are food factories of green plants.

Haustoria roots are the roots which penetrate into host body to absorb nutrient. So, it is present in parasitic plants. Whereas, rhizoids, hyphae, and stolon are present in fungi.

Mouth or buccal cavity and pharynx are part of alimentary canal as food passes through them. Whereas, the pancreas secretes pancreatic juice which helps in digestion but it is not part of the alimentary canal.

(i) A- Xylem

B- Phloem

Due to Transpiration water moves upwards from roots to leaves in xylem. As phloem transports food from leaves to rest of the plant so its movement is downwards.

(ii) As is xylem so, it transports water and solutes from roots to the leaves.

(iii) As B is phloem so, it transports food prepared by leaves to rest of the plant.

(iv) Tracheid, xylem parenchyma, xylem fibers, and vessels make Xylem. Transportation of water involves 3 steps which are interconnected.

(a) Absorption of water and minerals: - Due to the potential difference between roots and soil water and minerals move from high water potential to lower water potential and then to xylem. This pushes the water upwards.

(b) Upward movement of water: - Root pressure or transpiration pull are responsible for the movement of water.

(c) Transpiration or loss of water from leaves: - Helps in creating potential difference due to which water moves from soil to roots.

Process of taking up nutrients from their surroundings and then breaking them into simpler and absorbable form is known as nutrition.

Autotrophic nutrition (Auto means self) is seen in green plants. In autotrophic nutrition, organism synthesizes its food on its own. So, as plants make their own food so, they have an autotrophic mode of nutrition.

Heterotrophic nutrition (Hetero means others) is seen in the majority of animals as they depend on other living organisms for nutrition.

(i) A is geotropism as the roots are moving in the direction of gravity. And B is phototropism as shoots are growing towards the light stimulus. Therefore, this movement is dependent on growth.

(ii) In mimosa leaves show movement on touch that is when their leaves are touched they curl up. So, in case of mimosa leaves show movement whereas in geotropism roots or shoot shows movement. Therefore, in this case, a movement is independent of growth.

Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)

3 carbon compound (C₃H₆O₃ - lactic acid)

When sugar is converted into alcohol this process is known as fermentation. This process is carried out in the presence of yeast. In this process along with alcohol carbon dioxide and energy is also produced.

The figure is shown below:

(i) Nostrils

(ii) Lungs

(iii) Mouth

(iv) Blood

Cuscutta and Viscum are two root parasites which draw their food from the host body. They have a special structure called Haustoria which go into host plant to get nutrients for the plant.

Saprophytes are the organisms which get their nutrition from dead and decaying plants and animals that is they have a saprotrophic mode of nutrition.

Examples- Yeast, bread mould (Rhizopus).

Alimentary canal is about 9 meters long in human beings.

Passage of food in gastro-intestinal is:- Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus

Process of breaking down the carbohydrates to release energy by living organisms is known as respiration.

C₆H₁₂O₆ +6O₂→ 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy

(Aerobic Respiration: - Respiration in the presence of oxygen.)

Fish also need oxygen to survive which they get in diffused form from the water. So, when they are taken out of the water they don't oxygen moreover their gills get collapsed which results in death on the fish.

Ammonia telic animals: - animals which excrete a large amount of ammonia. E.g. sponges, liver flukes, bony fish etc.

Ureotelic animals: - Animals which excrete large amount of urea. E.g. Frogs, earthworms, toads etc.

When we touch the leaf of a touch-me-not plant, its leaves start to fold inwards. This is due to force of water which is applied to the cell wall of the plant. This movement is often seen as a defense mechanism of the plant against its predators.

(i) The sponge can be compared to leaves as it exposed to the environment or in this case rotating ceiling fan just like leaves of the plants are exposed to sunlight.

(ii) A glass tube filled with water is compared to Xylem and Phloem (vascular bundles) specifically, xylem as water is transported through it from the beaker to the sponge. In a similar manner to water is transported from roots to leaves in the plant.

There are basically two type of movements of plants, which are as follows:-

(a) Movement independent of the growth

(b) Movement dependent on the growth

Movement independent of the growth:- In this, the growth of a plant is not responsible for the movement. For e.g. in case of mimosa plant, the touch from external source makes the leaves to fold inwards. So, growth is not at all involved in this.

Movement-dependent on the growth:- In this, growth is involved. It is further of 4 types:-

(i) Geotropism: - In this gravity acts as the external stimuli and growth of the plant part is towards the gravity. E.g. roots of the plant grow downwards.

(ii) Phototropism: - In this light acts as the external stimuli and growth of the plant is towards the light. For e.g. shoot or stem.

(iii) Hydrotropism: - In this water acts as the external stimuli and growth are towards the water source.

(iv) Chemotropism: - In this chemicals acts as the external stimuli.

● Amoeba: - Excretion by diffusion through their body surface.

● Protozoa: - No specific organ for excretion. Excretion by diffusion through the plasma membrane.

● Hydra: - Through mouth.

● Flatworms or leeches: - Highly specialized organ for excretion called simple tubular structure.

● Insects: - Tubular structure for excretion.

● Vertebrates: - Kidneys.

In touch-me-not plant movement independent of the growth is observed as no growth is observed. In the presence of external stimulus leaves fold inwards and therefore no growth is seen. Therefore, it shows movement independent of growth.

The process of glycolysis is common in both type of respiration.

1. Lungs – Balloon because air will fill the balloon in the same manner as air from environment passes through nostrils to fill the lungs.

2. Diaphragm – Rubber sheet which is present at the bottom of the jar. It will show similar movement like diaphragm when air will enter the balloon or jar.

3. Trachea – the Plastic tube which is inserted in a balloon. It forms the pathway for air to enter the balloon just like trachea.

4. Nostrils – Opening of the tube. Air will enter through this opening.

Covered part of the leaf doesn’t show photosynthesis because of the absence of carbon dioxide.

Factors which were available to the other part which was outside the bottle were – Carbon dioxide, sunlight and adequate temperature required for the process of photosynthesis.

(a)

(b) ‘A’ is called an autotroph because they prepare their own food through the process of photosynthesis. Therefore, they do not depend on other organisms for nutrition.

(a) ‘X’ in the figure shows Lymph because lymphatic vessels and lymph capillaries are the part of lymph.

(b) Difference between lymph and blood.

(i) Above figure shows photosynthesis and O₂ is released. In the second diagram when matchstick is brought near the test tube, it ignites which shows that O₂ is released in the experiment.

(ii) Photosynthesis is the process carried out by green plants to make their own food in the presence of sunlight, carbon dioxide, water, and chlorophyll. Oxygen is released during this process.

6CO₂ + 12H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6H₂O + 6O₂