Immune System

Healthy state is a condition of a person in which the person is physically, mentally and socially well-being. His body is able to adjust itself and strike a balance with the physical, mental and social environments.

An individual who is able to adjust in society by maintaining good interpersonal relationship with family members and colleagues at work spot. He is free from interpersonal conflicts and will never quarrel with others. He is said to be socially balanced. Behaving rudely over unimportant is not socially balanced behaviour.

Tetanus caused by a bacterium Clostridium tetani. This bacteria can enter the body through the mouth, nostrils (nose), cuts and bruises (wound) on the skin. It reproduce in the body and produce poisonous substance (toxins) which affect health.

Tuberculosis is a bacterial disease caused Mycobacterium. It is spread through air. It affects lungs and other parts of our body such as bones, joints, lymph glands, alimentary tract, liver, kidney, etc.

Four different species of Plasmodium such as Plasmodiumvivax,Plasmodiummalariae,Plasmodiumfalciparum and Plasmodiumovale are present in India and cause malaria. But malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum is dangerous and can cause death.

Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite that infects our large intestine causes fever, constipation, abdominal pain and cramps. Stools with excess mucous and blood clot. These are the signs of amoebiasis.

Common cold is a viral disease which is spread through contaminated objects such as handkerchief, bedding, clothes, utensils, toilet articles, etc.

In Artificially passive acquired immunity, a ready-made antibody (a proteinaceous substance produced in our body against infection) is introduced from outside, instead of stimulating the body to produce antibody with antigenic stimulus. For example polio vaccine.

BCG stands for Bacillus Calmette–Guérin. This is the first vaccine given to new-born. BCG protects from the disease tuberculosis (TB).

disease

The word ‘disease’ means “without ease or not at ease”. It is opposite to the state of physical and mental and social well-being. When our body organs not functioning properly due any reason is called disease. There are numerous diseases that affect our health.

To maintain good health one should eat a diet which contains all essential nutrients in correct proportion. Deficiency of protein in food causes Kwashiorkar. In this disease the child develops an enlarged belly with face and feet swelling.

Diabetes mellitus is a disease in which excess of unused glucose from the blood is excreted in the urine. Less secretion of insulin does not converts glucose into glycogen. High glucose in blood cause diabetes.

No, these symptoms are not correct. In Marasmus, the child loses weight and suffers severe diarrhoea and it will appear as though bones are covered by skin. In Kwashiorkar, the child develops an enlarged belly with face and feet swelling.

Night blindness

Night blindness is a symptom of a disease called Nyctalopia. This disease occurs due to the deficiency of vitamin A. A person who is suffering from this disease is unable to see things in the night. Thalassemia, haemophilia, albinism, and sickle cell anaemia are genetic disorders.

Common cold is a viral disease. Symptoms of common cold are:

1. Inflammation of upper respiratory (nasal passage) and nasal epithelium.

2. Flow of mucus from the nose.

3. Headache and mild fever are other symptoms.

The disease from which the student suffering from is ringworm. Ringworm is caused by three different fungus. These are Epidermophyton, Microsporum and Trichophyton.

• The vector (organism that carries germs) of malaria is the female Anopheles mosquito.

• Malaria is caused by a parasite, Plasmodium. Its three species cause malaria.

• Out of three species Plasmodium falciparum causes malignant and fatal (dangerous and death causing) malaria.

Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome or AIDS is caused by Human Immuno

Deficiency Virus (HIV). It is a dreadful disease. The test for AIDS are:

i. Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA)

ii. Western Blot – a confirmatory test.

Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus

Vaccine (Triple antigen) Triple Antigen Injection or vaccine is given to children and infants for the active immunisation against diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (DPT).

Mother’s milk contains antibodies which enters the child. Hence, mother’s milk provides Naturally Passive Acquired Immunity.

i) True

Colour blindness is a genetic disorder, whereas night blindness is a nutritional disorder. Night blindness is caused due to deficiency of vitamin A. Colour blindness is a genetic disorder caused due to defective gene.

ii) True.

Pernicious anaemia is caused due to deficiency of iron, whereas sickle cell anaemia is occur due to defective red blood cells.

iii) False.

Administering TT injection to an injured child to protect from tetanus toxoid and BCG vaccine is given to protect from tuberculosis. Both of these vaccination provide artificial active acquired immunity.

iv)False.

Malaria is a disease caused by a protozoa, named Plasmodium whereas ring worm is caused by a fungus.

Vitamin C is lacking in her food. She is suffering from the disease Scurvy, which is characterised by bleeding gums and loosening of teeth.

Using common needle may infected with HIV can transmitted (pass) it to the healthy person causing Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Hence, avoid tattooing using a common needle.

The other preventives measures can be taken to prevent transmission of HIV:

a. Safe sex practices

b. Screening of blood for HIV before giving blood to the patient.

c. Usage of disposable syringes in the hospitals.

d. Avoid sharing the razors and blades in the salon

i) Cholera. It is an airborne disease spread through droplet discharged from the infected person during talking, laughing and sneezing

ii) Typhoid is a waterborne disease and it spread through food and water contaminated with the germ.

iii) Tuberculosis it is airborne, a large number of bacteria are expelled through the sputum of the patients while eating, sneezing, talking, laughing and so on.

iv) Leprosy spreads person to person by nasal secretions or droplets.

v) Syphilis spreads through sexual contact from infected person.

vi) Gonorrhoea spreads through sexual contact from infected person.

vii) Pneumonia is an airborne disease spread through droplet discharged from the infected person during talking, laughing and sneezing

viii) Common cold is an airborne and spread through droplet discharged from the infected person during talking, laughing and sneezing.

ix) Amoebic dysentery is a water-borne and food-borne disease. Houseflies act as mechanical carriers.

x) AIDS spreads through sexual contact from infected person.

i) Examples for the most infectious diseases:

Influenza is caused by A (H1N1) Virus, is highly contagious (infectious),

Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium, a rod-shaped bacterium.

Typhoid is caused by a short rod-shaped bacterium with numerous flagella Salmonella typhi.

ii) Antibiotics are useless against viral infections. This is because viruses are so simple that they use the energy of the host cells to perform their activities. Hence, antibiotics do not work for them.

Yes, it because he developed immunity during the first infection of measles virus. The antibodies produced in the blood remain for a long period and kill the similar pathogens, whenever they enter the body. If the antibody production is stimulated naturally after recovering from a disease, it is called Naturally Active Acquired Immunity

Ringworm is caused by three different genera of fungi namely, Epidermophyton, Microsporum and Trichophyton.

Symptoms of ringworms:

Fungi can live on the dead cells of epidermis. They cause superficial infections in skin, hair, nail, etc. form patches and cause itching.

i) BCG

BCG is a vaccine which protects against tuberculosis.

ii) Cholera

Common cold, influenza and rabies are viral disease.

iii) Tuberculosis

DPT vaccine protects against Diphtheria, pertusis and tetanus, not against tuberculosis.

iv) Sporozoites.

Infective stage of Plasmodium in humans are sporozoites and in in female anopheles are gametocytes.

v) Knows his capacity.

Mental dimension is one of the dimensions of personal health in which a person knows his capacity it means he or she do not overestimate or underestimate.

Giving readymade antibody (produced in some other animal and extracted) to an individual artificially to achieve immunity. This type of immunity is called Artificial Passive Acquired Immunity. This immunity is not permanent.

i) Thalassemia is a genetic disorder caused due to defective gene.

ii) Beri-beri is vitamin deficiency disease caused due to deficiency of vitamin B₁.

iii) Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder caused due to high glucose in blood due to insulin imbalance.

iv) Bubble boy syndrome is a genetic disorder caused due to defective gene.

v) Scurvy is a vitamin deficiency disease caused due to deficiency of vitamin C.

vi) Marasmus is a nutritional deficiency disease caused due to deficiency of protein in the food.

vii) Obesity is a metabolic disorder caused due to intake high glucose contains food.

viii) Alzheimer’s disease is a metabolic disorder caused due to death of brain cells.

ix) Nyctalopia is a vitamin deficiency disease caused due to deficiency of vitamin A.

x) Haemophilia is a genetic disorder caused due to defective gene.

i) Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. True.

ii) Typhoid is caused by Trichophyton fungi. False. Typhoid is caused by bacterium Salmonella typhi.

iii) Malaria is caused by Plasmodium vivax. True.

iv) Influenza is caused by Entamoeba histolytica protozoan. False. Influenza is caused by A(H1N1) Virus.

When female anopheles mosquitoes bite a healthy person, the sporozoites (the infectious stage) are introduced into his body. Sporozoites multiply within the liver cells first and enter the Red Blood Cells (RBC) of man, resulting in the rupture of RBC. This results in the release of toxic substance called haemozoin which is responsible for the chill and high fever, recurring every three to four days.

i) Sporozoite stage: When female anopheles mosquitoes bite a healthy person, the sporozoites (the infectious stage) are introduced into the human body.

Gametocytic stage: when female anopheles bites infected person and sucks blood along with gametocytes.

The diseases that are transmitted by houseflies are

• Typhoid which is caused by a short rod-shaped bacterium called Salmonella typhi.

• Amoebiasis caused by Entamoeba histolytica, a protozoan parasite.

b) Diabetes mellitus – deficiency of insulin hormone

When high quantities of glucose enter the blood stream, the excess glucose is converted into insoluble glycogen and is stored in liver and muscles for future use. All these processes are controlled by the hormones, insulin and glucagon. If insulin is not produced in sufficient quantity, excess of sugar cannot be stored in the liver and cannot be utilized. As a result, sugar gets accumulated in the blood and is subsequently expelled through the urine. This results in diabetes mellitus.

Immunization schedule for the baby in first 6 months.

ii) BCG vaccine protects from tuberculosis. DPT vaccine protects from Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus. Polio vaccine protects from polio.

i) Some controlling measures on outbreak of malaria are

a. Sanitary measures include ground fogging with disinfectants.

b. Prevent water stagnation and cover ditches and drains.

c. Use mosquito nets and mosquito repellents.

ii) Chills, shivering and mild fever are the symptoms of malaria.

i) Our hands are contaminated with disease-causing bacteria and viruses, these pathogens can enter the body or pass from one person to another to cause disease. Hand washing with soap prevents many common and dangerous infections such as diarrhea and pneumonia.

ii) Many illnesses start when hands become contaminated with disease-causing bacteria and viruses. This can happen after using the toilet, contact with a child’s excreta, coughing, sneezing, touching other people’s hands, and touching other contaminated surfaces. Whenever your hand is contaminated with touching contaminated surface, hands should be washed properly.

• Immunity is the ability of the body to fight against diseases.

• Infectious organisms that enters the body and produces toxins.

• These toxins are called antigens.

• The immune system of our body includes blood plasma, lymph and lymphocytes.

• These cells analyse the antigens and produce suitable protein substances called antibodies to kill the antigen in order to develop immunity.

Types of Immunity:

i) Natural or Innate Immunity: immunity present in the body since birth.

ii) Acquired or Specific Immunity: The immunity developed after birth against some

• Active acquired immunity: This kind of immunity is developed by our body, during the first infection of any pathogen. The antibodies produced in the blood remain for a long period and kill the similar pathogens.

• Passive Acquired Immunity: In this type of immunity, a ready-made antibody is given to develop immunity is introduced from outside, instead of stimulating the body to produce antibody with antigenic stimulus.

The asexual life cycle of Plasmodium occurs in humans. It begins with a bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito. When these mosquitoes bite a healthy person, the sporozoites of plasmodium present in the salivary glands of female anopheles are introduced into his body. They multiply within the liver cells first and enter the Red Blood Cells (RBC) of man, resulting in the rupture of RBC. This results in the release of toxic substance called haemozoin which is responsible for the chill and high fever, recurring every three to four days.

• Deficiency in certain food constituents such as protein causes nutritional deficiency diseases.

• Protein deficiency diseases are Marasmus and Kwashiorkar.

• In Marasmus the child loses weight and suffers severe diarrhoea and it will appear very weak and looks their bones are covered by skin.

• In Kwashiorkar the child develops an enlarged belly with face and feet swelling.