Heredity And Evolution

Seven pair of contrasting characters of pea plant selected by Mendel—

i. Seed shape - Round / Wrinkled

ii. Seed colour - Yellow / Green

iii. Flower colour - Violet / WhitePod

iv. shape - Full / ConstrictedPod

v. colour - Green / YellowFlower

vi. position - Axillary / Terminal

vii. Stem height - Tall / Dwarf

Fossils of man- like primates found in Tanzania and Ethiopia (East Africa). They ate fruit and were 4 feet tall. They walked upright and hunted with stones.

An altered gene in sperm is inheritable because the genes are transferred by sperm and egg so if there was any alteration in sperm with the egg than that alteration will be inherited by the child. Liver cells, skin cells, and udder cells are somatic cells but sperm is a reproductive cell. So, variation or mutation or alteration in the reproductive cell only passes on.

Charles Darwin proposed the theory of natural selection in 1859. He defined natural selection as "the populations which are a better fit in an environment will be selected by nature and will survive more."

Gene therapy is the method that allows correction of gene defect diagnosed in a child or embryo.

In somatic gene therapy, normal(therapeutic) genes are transferred into any body cell other than a stem cell, gametocyte, gamete or germ cells.

It basically focuses on genetic disorders like hemophilia, thalassemia etc.

As we know that yellow colour of seed is dominant over green colour.

So the genotype of yellow seed colour will be YY/ Yy.

And the genotype of green seed colour will be homozygous recessive that is yy.

If the genotype of the parents is Rr x Rr

Then by using the punnet square, we can find the genotype of the children.

By using punnet square we will get RR, Rr, Rr, rr genotype. RR, Rr, and Rr are the genotypes of child and two sisters who can roll their tongues and rr is the genotype of brother who is non-roller.

Genotype of Roller = RR / Rr and

Genotype of Non-roller = rr

Asexual reproduction, budding, and regeneration produces offspring with minor variations but organisms produce offspring with sexual reproduction show significant and visible variations. During sexual reproduction, the genetic information from each parent get mixed and tranfer to the offspring which leads to variety in offsprings.

The sheep Dolly was the first cloned mammal from an adult somatic cell. Dolly was developed by Dr.Ian Wilmut and his colleagues in Roselind Institute in Scotland in July 1996. There was no gentic modification carried out on donor nucleus. The scientists used the nucleus of udder cell which contains, diploid number(2n) of chromosomes. She was created by the technique of somatic cell nuclear transfer.

Stem cells are biological cells that have the potency to give rise to the tissue and organs. These cells have the tendency of multiplying into numerous numbers of the same type of cell by mitosis. In mammals two types of stem cells are present—

i. Embryonic stem cells

ii. Adult stem cells

Pancrease is a composite gland. It consist of two type of cells—

i. Alpha cell - secreate glucogon (increase sugar level in blood)

ii. Beta cell - secreate insulin (reduce blood sugar level)

If beta cell degenerates than there will be less secreation of insulin, leads to more glucose(sugar) in blood Which leads to diabetes mellitus.

Identical twins are represented as monozygotic. Identical twins are of the same sex as they developed from the single zygote, which forms two embryos.

Identical twins are represented as monozygotic. Identical twins are of the same sex as they developed from the single zygote(contain male or female sex chromosomes), which form two embryos. Identical twins have the same DNA. They also have the same blood group.

The neanderthal man is also known as Homo sapiens neanderthals. Their fossils found in east and central Asia. They used hides to protect the body and buried their dead. Their brain size is 1400cc.

Heredity is the transfer of characters from one generation to next.

DNA is a thread like a chain of nucleotides that carry genetic information. It is always double-stranded and contains nitrogen bases(adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine). It is the genetic material of almost all living organisms.

Total number of students = 60

Students who can roll their tongue(dominant) = 45

Non- roller students(recessive) = 15

Percentage of Students who can roll their tongue(dominant)

Percentage of Non- roller students(recessive)

Percentage of dominant and recessive character is 75:25

= 3:1

(i) Intraspecific variation

It is defined as the differences that occur within the species.

(ii) Intergeneric variation

It is defined as the differences that occur between two or more genera.

(i) Yes, i agree with the above statements

Asexual reproduction produces offspring with minor variations but organisms reproducing offspring through sexual reproduction show significant and visible variations. During sexual reproduction the genetic information from each parent gets mixed and transfer to the offspring which leads to variety in offspring. In sexual reproduction two parents are involved and both the parents have different genetic information (DNA).

(ii) Euglena

Euglena undergo asexual reproduction and reproduce by binary fission. Binary fission is the division of cells into two daughter cells.

i) Gene are the factors which form the physical basis of inheritance.

ii) Allele is the alternate forms of the same gene.

iii) Allelomorphs are the expressions of contrasting pair of alleles.

Radiation at Hiroshima has been affected generations because the radiation at Hiroshima had altered the genes of germ cells. And the alternation in the germ cells( gametes) is inheritable.

Sequentially arrange of the different species of man from primitive to modern man are as follow—

Homo habilis

Homo erectus

Neanderthal man

Homo sapiens

Homo habilis

They are the first human-like. Their brain capacity was 600-800 cc. They did not eat meat and their fossils found in Africa. Appeared about 2 million years ago.

Homo erectus

They are also known as Java man. They ate meat and their brain capacity was 900 cc. Appeared about 1.5 million years ago.

Neanderthal mam

Their brain capacity is 1400 cc. They used hides to protect their body and buried their dead. Appeared about 100,000 years ago.

Homo sapiens

They are the modern man. They started human civilization, agriculture and cave art. Appeared about 50,000 years ago.

In the 2 group (vaccines, enzymes, antibiotics, inorganic acids.) Inorganic acid is not the product of the biotechnology.

Reason

Inorganic acid are also known as mineral acid. The mineral acid is an acid derived from one or more inorganic compounds.

Genotype - the genetic constitution of an organism.

Phenotype - the external morphological characteristics of an organism.

Variation defined as the differences in the characteristics of the individual of a progeny from each other or from their parents.

Or

Difference between a member of the same population or a different population.

Types of variation are—

i. Somatic variation

ii. Germinal variation

i. Somatic variation

The variation in the somatic cells (Cells beside sex cells) which is acquired by the individual in their life and not passed in their progenies.

ii. Germinal variation

The variation in the germ cells (Sex cells) of an organism and it is inheritable. Germinal variation leads to evolution.

Charles Darwin proposed the theory of natural selection in 1859. He defined natural selection as "the populations which are a better fit in an environment will be selected by nature and will survive more."

Natural selection based on—

i. Population size

ii. Variation inherited

iii. Limited natural resources

The two principles of this theory are—

i. Survival of the fittest

ii. Struggle for existence

Monoclonal antibodies

These are the antibodies that are made up of identical immune cells which are clones of the unique parent cell. These are produced by hybridoma technology.

These antibodies have a monovalent affinity.

Uses—

i. It is used for the treatment of autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease etc.

ii. It is used in cancer treatment.

Clone

It is a group of individual of same species(morphologically and genetically similar)

Or

It is defined as the exact copies of the single genetical parent.

Clones are of two types—

i. Natural clone

ii. Induced clone

The cloning technique useful in the field of veterinary science as valuable animals can be cloned from desirable adult cells.

RR – Barking

Rr – Barking

rr – Silent

The new born 'Dolly' resemble the udder cell donor Dorset white sheep.

Because the udder cell from the ovum has a diploid nucleus of the Dorset white sheep. The new born "Dolly" show all the characters of the Dorset white sheep.

If we Continuously use pesticides against pests then With the passage of time, some pests develop resistance against the pesticides by bringing modification in their structures. The pests which become resistant survived and thus selected by nature. It is an example of natural selection which shows the process of evolution.

Gene therapy means the correction of defect gene diagnosed in a child or embryo.

It is used to treat defects in somatic(body) or gametic(sperm/egg) cells.

M. Please and W. F. Andresco Attempted gene therapy on a 5-year-old girl who is suffering from adenosine deaminase deficiency.

ADA caused due to the deletion of adenosine deaminase gene.

It can be cured by bone marrow transplantation. But this method is not fully curative.

So we grow lymphocytes from patient's blood in a culture.

Functional ADA DNA was introduced in the lymphocytes with the help of retroviral vector.

Then these Lymphocytes were transferred into the patient's body.

Diseases can be cured by gene therapy are—

i. Cystic fibrosis

ii. Cancer

iii. Parkinson's diseases, etc.

Type of gene therapy are—

i. Somatic gene therapy

In Somatic gene therapy, the Defective gene is replaced by therapeutic genes in somatic cells. The change is not passed on to the next generation.

ii. Germ linegene therapy

In this, germ cells are modified or corrected by introducing functional genes into their genomes. The changes are passed to the next generation.

The unmatched pair is—

Interferon — Antiproteins of bacteria

Reason

Interferons are Anti-Viral Proteins which is produced by Virus-infected cells

(i) Wilmut selects the udder cell because the nucleus of udder cell contains a diploid number(2n) of chromosomes with all the genes.

(ii) Haploid

i. The cell/organism that has half the usual number of chromosomes or a single set of chromosomes. (n)

ii. Gamete cells are haploid in humans.

iii. Meiotic cell division results in haploid cells.

Diploid

i. The cell/organism that has double the number of chromosomes or two sets of chromosomes. (2n)

ii. Somatic cells are diploid.

iii. Mitotic cell division result in diploid cells.

The dominant and recessive traits observed by Mendel in the garden pea plant with respect to the seed and flower—

i. Seed shape - Round / Wrinkled

ii. Seed colour - Yellow / Green

iii. Flower colour - Violet / White

iv. Flower position- Axillary / Terminal

Dryopithecus

They were more ape-like. They ate leaves and fruits and have a hairy body. Walked like gorillas and chimpanzees.

Appeared around 20-25 million years ago.

Ramapithecus

They have teeth like modern man. They were more man-like.

Appeared around 14-15 million years ago.

Australopithecus

Their fossils found in East Africa. They are four feet tall and walked upright. They ate fruit and their brain capacity was 400-600 cc.

Appeared around 3-5 million years ago.

Homo habilis

They are the first human-like. Their brain capacity was 600-800 cc. They did not eat meat and their fossils found in Africa. Appeared about 2 million years ago.

Homo erectus

They are also known as Java man. They ate meat and their brain capacity was 900 cc. Appeared about 1.5 million years ago.

Neanderthal mam

Their brain capacity is 1400 cc. They used hides to protect their body and buried their dead. Appeared about 100,000 years ago.

Homo sapiens

They are the modern man. They started human civilization, agriculture and cave art. Appeared about 75,000-10,000 years ago.

(ii) primitive caves developed around 18,000 years ago.

A variety of cave painting was done by Cro-Magnon man. Cro-Magnon man was the ancestor of the modern living man.

(iii) Hominids are classified in the genus Australopithecus and genus Homo habilis.

Life led by hominids—

i. They hunted with stone weapons.

ii. Fossils found in East Africa.

iii. They did not eat meat.

iv. They walked upright.

Mendel select garden pea plant(Pisum sativum) for his experiment.

Mendel took garden pea plant because of the following reason—

i. It is easy to pollinate pea flowers.

ii. Flowers are bisexual and self pollinating.

iii. It produces a large number of seeds in one generation.

iv. Pea plant has a short life cycle.

Mendel took homozygous tall pea plant and cross it with homozygous drawf pea plant. In F1 generation all the pea plants are tall.

He then self-pollinated F1 generation plants to generate F2 generation plants.

In F2 generation he found 75% of the plants are tall and 25% are drawn.

Observations

i. F1 progenies show one of the parent's trait and trait of other parents was not seen.

ii. F2 stage show both of the parent trait in proportion 3:1.

iii. The contrasting traits did not show any blending at F1 and F2 stage.

(i) Vinegar

(ii) Citric acid

(iii) prednisolone (steriod drugs)

(iv) Restriction endonucleases

(v) DNA ligase

(i) The statement is True.

(ii) The statement is False.

Correction

Jean Baptist Lamarck give the theory of use and disuse of organ. Charles darwin give the darwinian theory. The main concept of darwinian theory is natural selection and branching descent.

(iii) The statement is True.

(iv) The statement is True.

A = gametes for F1 generation that are B and b.

B = F1 generation go on selfing and form gametes for F2 generation that are B, B, b and b.

C = phenotypic ratio that is

blue flowered : white flowered = 3:1

D = genotypic ratio that is

BB : Bb : bb = 1:2:1