Carbon And Its Compounds

Yes, the reason satisfies the given assertion.

Explanation: The carbon atom has:

i. Atomic number = 6

ii. Electronic configuration = 2,4

iii. Four electrons in the outermost shell

To achieve noble gas configuration (2,8) carbon atom shares its valence electrons (electrons in the outermost shell) with other atoms of carbon or with atoms of other elements.

In the covalent bond, sharing of electrons takes place. For

example: CH₄

i. In diamond, every carbon atom is covalently bonded to four

neighbouring atoms in a tetrahedral way.

ii. This leads to a tetrahedral three dimensional structure.

iii. Structure of diamond is given below:

iv. This fact is responsible for its hardness and rigidity.

Yes, the reason holds good for the given assertion.

Explanation: Carbon compounds show the property of allotropy.

Allotropy is defined as the property by which an element can exist in more than one form.

i. The forms are physically different.

ii. But chemically similar.

Due to catenation, carbons atoms form a large number of compounds (allotropes)

Carbon

Explanation: Fullerene is an another types of carbon allotropes.

i. The first discovered fullerene contains 60 carbon atoms in the shape of a football. (C-60).

ii. It is named as Buck Minster Fullerene.

free electrons

Explanation: Being a non-metal, graphite is a good conductor of electricity due to the following reasons:

i. In graphite, carbon atoms are arranged in different layers.

ii. In each layer, every carbon atom is linked to three

neighbouring carbon atoms.

iii. Thus, the fourth electron of each carbon atom is free to move

continuously within the entire layer.

iv. Because of the presence of these free electrons in different

layers, graphite becomes a god conductor of electricity.

CH₂

Explanation: The common difference between CH₄ and C₂H₆ :

C₂H₆ – CH₄ = CH₂

A homologous series is a group or a class of organic compounds having same general molecular formula and similar chemical properties in which the successive members differ by a CH2 group.

ethyne

Explanation: Alkyne is an unsaturated hydrocarbon.

i. The unsaturated hydrocarbons containing carbon to carbon triple bond are called alkynes.

ii. Alkynes are named by replacing suffix of alkane with “-yne”.

iii. The first member of alkane is ethane.

iv. Thus, the first member of alkyne is named as ethyne.

Note: The unsaturated hydrocarbons are those which contain carbon to carbon double bonds C=C or carbon to carbon triple bonds -CΞC- in their molecules.

Aldehydic group is the terminal functional group.

i. Terminal functional group is the one that occur at the end of carbon chain.

ii. Aldehyde is a terminal functional group because it occurs at the end of the group.

iii. Ketone is not a terminal functional group because it does not occur at the end of the group. It occurs at the centre.

When acetic acid (CH₃COOH) is heated with Na₂CO₃ , the following reaction takes place:

i. In this reaction, when sodium carbonate comes in contact

with the gas released in the form of an effervescence, it turns

milky. This is chemical test for carbon dioxide gas.

ii. Hence, the gas (X) is carbon dioxide.

Yes, the reason is correct for assertion.

Explanation: Pyridine is a harmful substance. If it is added to ethyl alcohol. It makes ethyl alcohol unfit for drinking purpose

Possible isomers of C₄H₁₀ are:

i. The IUPAC name of isomer A is butane.

ii. The IUPAC name of isomer B is iso-butane.

Note: Isomers are the two or more compounds having same molecular formula but different chemical structures.

Diamond is the hardest allotrope of carbon because:

a) In diamond, each carbon atom is covalently bonded to four other carbon atoms in a tetrahedral way.

b) This leads to a tetrahedral three dimensional structure.

c) Three dimensional structure of diamond is:

d) The above reason is responsible for its hardness.

Given:

a) Organic compound has a molecular formula: C₂H₄O₂

b) Used as a preservative.

c) Reacts with ethanol to form a sweet smelling substance.

(i) As the organic compound is a preservative, hence it is an acetic acid (ethanoic acid).

Ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol to form a sweet smelling substance called ester(B).

Thus, A is ethanoic acid and B is ester.

(ii) The reaction taking place:

The above process is called esterification.

Given:

i. Organic compound has a molecular formula = C₂H₆O

ii. Used as an antiseptic to sterilize wounds.

iii. Oxidation with KMnO₄ gives an acid.

As the organic compound is used as an antiseptic to sterilize wounds, it must be an ethanol.

Ethanol (A) undergoes oxidation with KMnO₄ to form a carboxylic acid, i.e., ethanoic acid (B)

The reaction takes place is given below:

Thus, A is ethanol and B is ethanoic acid.

i) C₂H₆O is the molecular formula for two compounds A and B but have different structural formula. This phenomenon is called isomerism.

ii) The structural formula of A (CH₃CH₂OH) is:

The structural formula of B (CH₃—O—CH₃) is:

iii) Structure A

Common name: Ethyl alcohol

IUPAC name: Ethanol

Structure B

Common name: Dimethyl ether

IUPAC name: Methoxymethane

iv) The functional group of A is alcohol

The functional group of B is ether

The hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon to carbon double bond are called alkenes. They have the general formula C_nH_2n. These were previously called olefins. When this compound is treated with bromine water, decolourisation occurs because it is unsaturated.

Explanation:

The hydrocarbons having general formula C_nH_2n are alkenes which contain at least one carbon to carbon double bond (C=C)

In earlier times, alkenes are known as olefins (meaning-oil) because the lower gaseous members of the family form oily products when treated with chlorine.

When alkene is treated with bromine water (Br₂), no change of colour takes place (decolourization) because it is an unsaturated compound (have at least one bond)

i) Molasses

Explanation: Molasses is a dark coloured syrupy liquid which is used in the manufacture of ethanol.

It contains 30% of sucrose which cannot be separated by the crystallization process.

ii) Nitrogenous matter

Explanation: Molasses usually contain nitrogenous matter which act as food for yeast during fermentation.

iii) Invertase

Explanation: The enzyme invertase present in yeast, bring about the conversion of sucrose into glucose and fructose.

iv) Rectified spirit

Explanation: Rectified spirit is an aqueous solution of ethanol which contains 95.5% of ethanol and 4.5% of water.

v) Absolute alcohol

Explanation: The mixture of “rectified spirit” is heated under reflux over quicklime for about 5 to 6 hours. Then it is allowed to stand for 12 hours.

On distillation of the above mixture, pure alcohol (100%) is obtained. This is called absolute alcohol.

i) Ethanol is a clear liquid and has a burning taste.

ii) Ethanol is used as a preservative for biological specimens in labs.

iii) Ethanoic acid (acetic acid) is used for making vinegar which is used as a preservative in food and fruit juices.

iv) On cooling, pure ethanoic acid is frozen to form ice like flakes. They look like glaciers, so it is called glacial acetic acid.

i) Catenation

Explanation: Carbon has:

a) Ability to form covalent bonds with other atoms of carbon.

b) This gives rise to a larger number of molecules through self-linking property.

c) This property is called catenation.

ii) Hydrogen gas

Explanation: Carbon compounds such as alcohols react with sodium to liberate hydrogen gas.

Example: 2CH₃CH₂OH + 2Na → 2CH₃CH₂ONa + H₂↑

iii) Homologues series

Explanation: Homologues series:

a) All the members are differ by a CH₂ group.

b) It helps to predict the properties of the members of the series that are yet to be prepared.

c) Knowledge of homologous series gives a systematic study of the members.

iv) Fermentation

Explanation: Fermentation is the process of formation of simple molecules from complex organic compounds using enzymes.

v) Methanol

Explanation: Methanol:

a) Intake of methanol is very dangerous and can even cause death.

b) If it is consumed, it gets oxidized into methanal in the liver.

c) It affects the liver and causes death.

Explanation: All the members of homologues series have general formula given below:

Alkane: C_nH_{2n + 2}

Alkene: C_nH_2n

Alkyne: C_nH_2n-2

The characteristics of homologues series are:

i. Each member of the series differs from the preceding or succeeding member by a common difference of CH₂

ii. All members of each homologous series contain same elements and same functional groups.

iii. All members of each homologous series have same general molecular formula.

Alkane: C_nH_{2n + 2}

Alkene: C_nH_2n

Alkyne: C_nH_2n-2

iv. The members in each homologous series show a regular gradation in their physical properties with respect to increase in molecular mass.

v. The chemical properties of the members of each homologous series are similar.

vi. All members of each homologous series can be prepared by using same general method.

i) CH₃CH₂CHO

Common name: Propionaldehyde

IUPAC name: Propanal

ii) CH₃COCH₃

Common name: Dimethyl ketone (acetone)

IUPAC name: Propanone

iii)

Common name: Isopropyl alcohol(or) secondary propyl alcohol

IUPAC name: 2-propanol

iv) HCHO

Common name: Formaldehyde

IUPAC name: Methanal

i) In diamond:

Diamond exists in tetrahedral three dimensional structure.

In Graphite:

Every carbon atom is bonded to three other carbon atoms by covalent bonds. Graphite exists in hexagonal layer structure.

ii) Diamond is used to cut metals due to the following reasons:

a. Brilliant, pure diamond is an extremely hard substance on the earth.

b. It is really very harder than metals and rocks present in the earth.

iii) Free electrons move continuously within the entire layer of graphite, thus it is a good conductor of electricity and mstly used in electrical circuits.

iv) Graphite is a soft metal due to the following reasons:

a. A graphite crystal is hexagonal.

b. The regular arrangement of atoms in graphite is in hexagonal layers.

c. The layers are loosely bounded with each other.

d. As there is weak Vander Walls forces present between them, hence the layers slide with each other.

e. This makes the graphite soft.

v) Blue moon diamond si one of three precious diamond.

In carat, its weight is 12.03 carat.

In grams

1 carat = 0.2 grams

12.03 carats =

⇒ 12.03 × 0.2 grams

⇒ 2.406grams

In grams, blue diamond weight is 2.406 grams

i) The series is saturated.

Explanation: C_nH_2n+2 is the general formula of a homologous series of alkane which is a saturated hydrocarbon.

Note: Saturated hydrocarbons are those organic compounds which contain carbon–carbon single bond. These were earlier named as paraffins.

ii) The given is homologues series of alkane hydrocarbons.

The formula and name of the member with two carbon atoms:

n=2

C₂H_2×2+2 = C₂H₆ (ethane)

Thus, formula is C₂H₆ and name is ethane

iii) The first member of the series is:

n=1

C₁H_2×1+2 = CH₄ (methane)

The structural formula of methane is:

iv) Homologues series: A homologous series is a group or a class of organic compounds having same general molecular formula and similar chemical properties in which the successive members differ by a CH₂ group.

v) In butane, there are four carbon atoms and in pentane there are five carbon atoms.

i) When ethanol is heated with excess conc. H₂SO₄ at 443K, it undergoes intra molecular dehydration (i.e. removal of water within a molecule of ethanol) to give ethene.

The reaction is intra molecular dehydration reaction.

ii) The equation for the above reaction is:

iii) The product formed is ethane (alkene), an unsaturated hydrocarbon which contains a double bond.

When this is passed through bromine water, it decolourises the water. It means decolourisation occurs.

iv) When ethanol vapour is passed through bromine water, no changes occur because it is neither a saturated nor an unsaturated hydrocarbon.

Ethanol is a functional group, hence no changes occur.

i) The given is a member of homologues series of carboxylic acid.

Its functional group is carboxylic.

ii) Ethanoic acid:

Molecular formula: CH₃COOH

Common name: Acetic acid

iii) Ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol in the presence of concentrated H₂SO₄, a sweet smelling compound “ester” is formed. The reaction taking place:

The above process is called esterification.

iv) Ethanoic acid reacts with carbonates and bicarbonates and produces brisk effervescence due to the evolution of carbon dioxide.

v) The reaction of ethanoic acid with a carbonate (Na₂CO₃) is:

2CH₃COOH + Na₂CO₃→ 2CH₃COONa + CO₂↑ + H₂O

vi) She has added vinegar to preserve it for long time. Acetic acid is used for making vinegar.

i) A is methylated spirit which is a mixture of 95% of ethanol and 5% of methanol.

B is rectified spirit which is a mixture of 95.5% of ethanol and 4.5% of water.

ii) By adding petrol to ethanol, we can get power alcohol.

Power alcohol is used in automobiles. It acts as best fuel for automobiles.

iii) Pyridine should be added to obtained denatured spirit. This makes alcohol unfit for drinking.

iv) Denatured spirit is used as a solvent and a fuel.

i) When hydrogen reacts with ethene (unsaturated hydrocarbon) in the presence of nickel catalyst, it gives ethane (saturated hydrocarbon). The reaction takes place given below:

ii) Combustion of methane evolving carbon dioxide and water:

CH₄ + 2O₂→ CO₂ + 2H₂O

iii) When the vapour of ethanol is passed over heated copper catalyst at 573 K, it is dehydrogenated to acetaldehyde. This reaction is called dehydrogenation reaction.

iv) Decarboxylation (Removal of CO₂) : When sodium salt of ethanoic acid is heated with soda lime (solid mixure of 3 parts of NaOH and 1 part of CaO), methane gas is formed.

i. Preparation of ethanoic acid from ethanol:

Ethanol undergoes oxidation with KMnO₄ to form a carboxylic acid, i.e., ethanoic acid.

The reaction takes place is given below:

ii. Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium bicarbonate, it gives brisk effervescence of carbon dioxide.

The reaction of ethanoic acid with a carbonate (Na₂CO₃) is:

When the released gas is treated with limewater, it turns

milky.

iii. When acetic acid is treated with ethanol in the presence of concentrated H₂SO₄, it forms a sweet smelling substance called ester. This reaction is called esterification.

It is given that C₂H₆O has two isomers A and B.

Compound A produces hydrogen gas with sodium metal,

i. Compound A must be an ethanol. Ethanol reacts with sodium metal to produce hydrogen gas.

Whereas compound B does not react with sodium metal.

ii. Ethanol reacts with acetic acid in the presence of concentrated H₂SO₄, a sweet smelling compound “ester” is formed. The reaction taking place:

C₂H₅OH + CH₃COOH → CH₃COOC₂H₅ + H₂O

EthanolEthanoic acidEster

(A) (C)

The above process is called esterification.

Thus, A is CH₃CH₂OH (ethanol)

B is CH₃—O—CH₃(diethyl ether)

C is ester

It is given that organic compound liberates hydrogen gas with sodium metal.

i. It must be an ethanol. Ethanol reacts with sodium metal to form sodium ethoxide and hydrogen gas.

ii. When ethanol (A) reacts with concentrated H₂SO₄ at 413K, it gives diethylether (B).

iii. When ethanol (A) reacts with concentrated H₂SO₄ at 413K, it gives ethene (C)

Ethene (C) when reacts with bromine water, it delcolourises it.

Thus, A is ethanol.

B is diethyl ether.

C is ethene.

It is given that organic compound gives brisk effervescence with sodium bicarbonate solution.

i. As we know that when ethanoic acid reacts with sodium bicarbonate, it gives brisk effervescence of carbon dioxide.

Hence, the organic compound “A” must be ethanoic acid

(CH₃COOH)

The reaction of ethanoic acid with a carbonate (Na₂CO₃) is:

ii. When sodium salt of ethanoic acid is heated with soda lime, methane (alkane) gas is formed.

Methane (B) formed belongs to the first member of the alkane family

iii. Preparation of ethanoic acid (A) from ethanol:

Ethanol undergoes oxidation with KMnO₄ to form a carboxylic acid, i.e., ethanoic acid (A)

The reaction takes place is given below:

Thus, A is ethanoic acid and B is methane.