Main Evens Of The World

Option c is correct because Louis 16th became the king of France in 1774 and he was the in rule when French revolution happened in 1789.

Option a is incorrect because Louis 14th remained as king of France between 1643 and 1715.

Option b is incorrect because Louis 18th remained king of France between 1814 to 1824.

Option d is incorrect because Louis 15th was king from 1715 to 1774.

Germany signed the no warfare pact with Russia in 1939, it was also known as Molotov- Ribbentrop Pact. It was a neutrality pact signed by both the countries on 2^nd August 1939 in Moscow.

Option c is correct because Treaty of Versailles was signed between allied powers and Germany in 1919 i.e., after the end of first war in order to establish peace with Germany.

Option a is incorrect because the treaty of Neuilly was signed with Bulgaria so it can cede various territories after the first world war.

Option b is incorrect because Sevres’ treaty was signed between Uk, France and Italy and it marked the beginning the partition of Ottoman empire.

Option d is incorrect because treaty of Trianon was signed between Hungary and allied powers in 1920.

Option a is correct because right after the declare of war America and Russia extended help to France against Germany and Italy.

Option b is incorrect because America and Russia were helping the Republicans in the Spanish civil War, whereas Germany and Italy helped Spain in the war.

Option c is incorrect because at that time Austria and Hungary were German supporters but they did not directly had a role in this war.

Option d is incorrect because Germany was supporting Spain whereas Japan had no role in this war.

Two scholars of intellectual awakening of French Revolution were-

1. Jean Jacques Rousseau- He wrote a great deal about human freedom and equality, sovereignty and a social contract between the ruler and the common masses.

2. Auguste Comte- He was known as the founder of positivism. He condemned the conservative ideas of the society and advocated knowledge based on scientific observations.

Wilhelm I was the king of Germany at the time of World War I. he became king in 1888 and stayed till 1918. He was the eldest grandchild of Queen Victoria of England. After the first world war he lost the support of German army and thus he had to abdicate the throne.

Vladimir Lenin was the main leader of Bolshevik Revolution. He was a communist and remained the head of Russian government from 1917 to 1922 and from 1922 to 1924.

Pearl Harbour, i.e., an island on Hawaii was the naval centre of America. It was being attacked by Japan on December 7, 1941. Japan attacked this naval centre in order to destroy the American navy which was planning a back attack on Japan.

After defeating the emperor Czar Nicholas, the leaders of Duma formed a provisional government in Russia. The provisional government made agreements with the Petrograd Soviet of Workers and Soldiers Deputies, so as to win the their support.

The League of Nations was formed in 1920, after the end of first world war. It was formed in order to bring peace and to avoid the future chances of world war but it actually failed in its aim.

UNO day is celebrated every year on 24^th October. In 1948, the UN General Assembly declared that every year this day would be celebrated as the UN day to mark the aims and achievements of UN organization.

Estate General was based on the old regime of France. It comprised of 3 generals . the First general had Clergies who were responsible for all the religious activities and functions of the Church. Second estate had nobilities, who were rich people associated with the king and owned maximum land of the country. The third estate had merchants, lawyers, businessmen, peasants, servants and artisans. The first two estates had the birth privileges and they were exempted from paying taxes while all the burden of paying taxes were borne by the third estate only.

Bastille was a fortress in Paris and during the time of French Revolution it was used as a prison by the king of France. The crowd of France was stormed this fortress on 14 July 1789, they began to forcefully enter the fortress and started demolishing it and freed the prisoners, from then it became an important symbol of French republican movement.

Allied powers were those countries which came together against the central powers during the times of World War II. The chief allied powers were Great Britain, France, soviet Union, United States and China.

the strike of workers which was led by workers of Putilov mill located at Petrograd was known as the Petrograd strike mill of 1917. The strike saw a very large demonstration by the workers and the common people and further sparked the February Revolution in Russia.

It happened during the times of 1^st world war when Russian people experienced shortage of food and other means of necessities. This caused the prices to rise and the workers in this strike were demanding higher wages to meet their expenses.

In the 1930’s British and its ally France adopted the policy of appeasement because they wanted to pursue the peace and avoid entering a war, even if it meant making several concessions towards the potential aggressor countries (for e.g. Germany).

The British also adopted this policy due to the possible threat that if any war occurred then their participation would meant huge amount of expenditure and other atrocities caused by the war. Furthermore, Britain was also concerned for the future of her empire. Therefore they preferred to protect their empires by adopting the policy of appeasement.

The immediate cause of World War I were-

1. Mutual alliance- the European countries were making mutual alliances with the other countries so that if any country attacks them then the allied country would help them in such situation. For instance, Russia made alliance with Serbia, Germany with Austria- Hungary, France with Russia and so on.

2. Imperialism- The European countries were increasing their empires and resources by increasing their powers in the Asian and African countries.

3. Race for arms- The race to create new and advanced arms led to the competition between various European powers and they also began to increase their armies and navies for any future wars to happen.

4. Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand- The most immediate cause for WWI was assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria- Hungary by the Serbian nationalist named Gavrilo Princip. The assassination led to Austria- Hungry declaring war on Serbia. Serbia was backed by Russia as both had signed an alliance. These events led to larger participation of other European countries.

Disarmament is the act of completely giving up the use of arms and weapons. It is done in order to promote peace and discourage the conditions of war. Disarmament pacts were signed after first and second world war in order to eradicate the situation of war and conflicts and to bring peace so that no more destruction would be caused due to war.

Disarmament of weapons as nuclear weapons and other highly dangerous weapons if very much necessary so as to bring cordiality and peace among the nations and to discourage the developed nations from becoming super powers in the field of arms and weapons.

Objectives of U.N.O were-

a. To maintain international peace and security.

b. To promote human rights and fundamental freedom for the people all over the world.

c. To develop friendly relations among the nations on the basis of equality and self-determination.

d. To promote cooperation in solving economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems.

e. To discourage any situation in future which can lead to war and conflicts.

it was a series of anti-governmental protests, upspring, and armed rebellions that spread to the Middle East Asian countries in 2010. It began in response to oppressive regimes and very low standard of living of the citizens. The main objective of the people behind the Arab Spring was to create a more participatory and representative political systems, a transparent economic system and an independent judiciaries. They were fighting to bring in practice the ideals of a democratic country.

Causes of French Revolution were-

a. Political causes-

i. Despotic rule of the Bourbon dynasty- the Bourbon dynasty was ruling over France from 1553 and all the rulers followed the divine right theory which stated the absolute rule of king. The common masses had no say in the conduct of the government as the king had the complete rule over the whole system of France.

ii. Aggressive policy of taxation- the king exercised a great amount of tax over the common masses of France. The society which comprised of three estate generals only the third estate of peasants, artisans and small businessmen were bearing the burden of paying taxes.

iii. War-the increasing participation in war increased the burden over the royal treasury so the king compelled the third estate to pay as much taxes as he wanted them to pay.

2. Social cause-

i. France was following an old regime wherein the nobles and clergies were given the birth privileges of not paying any taxes whereas the whole burden would be borne by the third estate. The third estate people were also bound to serve the other two estates whenever they need their services.

3. Economic Causes-

i. Subsistence crisis- the time when king Louis 16^th decided to increase taxes France was experience the situation of subsistence crisis i.e., the common masses did not even have the money to afford food and other necessities of life.

ii. Bankruptcy of France- due to the oppressive policies of king the people were facing grim situations of poverty, starvation and government was least bother to look after them due to the long wars they were fighting with Britain.

4. Intellectual Causes- Foreign trade led to the birth of the middle class. These people wants to abolish the divine rule and eradicate the birth rights of estates. They were the intellectual people who wanted the government to work on the ideas of freedom and equality.

Effects of the French Revolution-

1. Principles of democracy- the French revolution gave impetus to the principles of democracy i.e., liberty, equality and fraternity. It talked of equality to all the people and removal of all the birth rights.

2. End of monarchy- the French Revolution brought an end to the long monarchical rule and national assembly rose to prominence which made the constitution of republican France.

3. End of Feudalism- feudalism which was a feature of the medieval Europe ended in France after the revolution. The government confiscated the lands of rich feudal and destroyed their special rights and concessions.

4. Declaration of human rights- The French declaration of human rights was based on the thoughts of French philosophers. It gave the fundamental rights of equality, liberty and fraternity, private property to common masses.

5. Rise of Nationalism- Revolution destroyed inequality and it created unity among the people which resulted in the rise of nationalism among the people of France.

Consequences of World War I were-

a. Economic Consequences- The war costed the participating countries a huge amount of monetary loss. Countries had to raise taxes and borrow money from the citizens in order to fulfil the expenditures on army and weapons for the war.

b. Political Consequences- World War I brought an end to the monarchies as Czar Nicholas II of Russia, Wilhelm of Germany, Emperor Charles of Austria and the Ottoman Empire. New territories were formed out of old empires.

c. Social Consequences- Millions of soldiers and civilians des in war any millions other lost their homes and fled to other countries. The war also saw the participation of women workforce in the factories and industries as their husbands were serving the war.

d. Harsh treaties- the countries as Germany and Austria had to signed the harsh treatises of paying the war reparations . Germany even paid for the war losses in the form of territories and their valuable resources.

Main causes of 1917 Russian Revolution were-

1. First World War- Russia was on the side of the Allies in the first world war. So, during the war when allied powers were at the losing end, Russian armies suffered heavy losses which demoralised the people of the country.

2. Worse Economic Condition- The world war had the worst impact on the Russian economy. While retreating from various battlefields, the Russian army destroyed crops and buildings of the country so to prevent the enemy army from using these resources. People were in distress due to all that and they began questioning the participation of their country in the great war.

3. Scarcity of Essential goods- As the war was going on, essential supply of grains and bread was majorly diverted to the war areas to fulfil the demand of soldiers. This led to the shortage of supply of essential goods in the market and leading to the riots among common masses.

4. Industrial Shortage- the production in industries declined to a great extent in Russia as the able-bodied men were sent to the warfronts to fight in the first world war.

Causes of World War II were-

a. Humiliation caused by the treaty of Versailles- Germany lost in WWI and it signed the humiliating treaty of Versailles under which they had to pay the war indemnity. Germany was being disarmed after the war by the allied powers and it also lost some of its valuable territories and resources.

b. Growth of Nazism and Fascism- Hitler of Germany and Mussolini of Italy glorified war in the name of nationalism. They instigated the common masses for violence in the name of nationhood.

c. Military Alliance- Many countries allied with each other so to ensure each other’s cooperation and safety in the condition of war. For instance Britain , France, USSR and China allied together and Germany, Italy and Japan came together as Axis powers.

d. Immediate Cause- Germany invaded and annexed Poland. The sudden attack on Poland alarmed Britain and France against the rising power of Germany under Hitler and as a result they declared war.

Results of World War II-

a. the whole world witnessed an end to the colonialism and imperialism.

b. World war ended the dictatorship of Hitler from Germany and Mussolini from Italy.

c. Germany got divided in to two parts i.e., East Germany and West Germany. East Germany came under the control of USSR and West Germany under Britain, France and USA.

d. Nationalist movements gained impetus in Asian and African countries and it happened due to the weaning of colonialism and imperialism at the time of war.

e. The whole world witnessed grim situations of unemployment and low growth, decline in the standard of living.

f. Two major power blocs emerged after the world war i.e., USA and USSR. It further resulted in cold war between these two power blocs.

Reasons for colonial imperialism were-

a. National Security- In order to remain a strong nation the imperial countries wanted to have a strong industrial economy and for that they need to have a steady supply of raw materials for that. They employed a strong army against the other powerful colonies in order to protect their economic interests.

b. Social Darwinism- The Europeans believed they were better than the colonized people. They considered the colonised people as uncivilized and barbaric in nature and in the name of colonialism and imperialism they considered it is their responsibility to turn them into civilised people.

c. Growing Markets- Due to the rapid growth of industries and factories the production of goods increased too and to consume these goods and products the European countries wanted to have a market so they colonised the countries and brought their own goods in these foreign markets.

d. Political causes- Patriotism and growing imperial power spurred the countries to compete with others for supremacy. It became a matter of national pride, prestige and security. Empires looked for strategic territories to ensure access for navies and armies around the world.

e. Religious causes- During the colonial and imperial expansion, religious people set out to convert the new members of their religion and thus their empire. Christian missionaries from Europe, for instance, established schools and churches in their conquered territories during the 19^th century.

United Nations Organisation was formed in 1945 with the aim of maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations, achieving international cooperation and harmony among the nations. It was formed after World War II, with the aim of preventing future war like situations. On 25^th April 1945, 50 governments met in San Francisco for the conference and began drafting the UN charter which was finally adopted on 25^th June 1945 in San Francisco. The UN has 6 principal organs i.e.,

1. General Assembly- the organisation in which all the member nations have equal representation and it is a policy making and representative organ of the UN. Its main power is to look after the budget of the UN, appoints the non-permanent members to the Security Council, appoints the Secretary- General of the United Nations, receive reports from the other organs of the UN and make recommendations in the form of General Assembly Resolutions.

2. Security Council- It has the responsibility of maintaining international peace and security, accepting new members to the UN, and to approve any modifications to its charter. Its responsibility is to establish peacekeeping operations and international sanctions as well as authorization of military actions through resolutions.

3. Economic and Social Council- this organ is responsible for coordinating the economic and social fields of the organisation. The council serves as a forum for discussing the international economic and social issues and formulating policy recommendations addressed to the member states.

4. International Court of Justice- it is also known as the World Court, it is the principal judiciary organ of United Nations. The main function of ICJ is to settle the international legal disputes submitted by states and it gives the advisory opinions on legal issues referred to it by the UN.

5. UN Secretariat- It is the executive organ of UN. It’s important role is to set up the agendas for the UN decision making bodies and then implement the decisions of these organs. The Secretary General appointed by the General Assembly becomes the head of the secretariat.

6. Trusteeship Council- it is established to ensure that the trust territories were administered in the best interests of their inhabitants and of international peace and security. After the independence of the member countries of the UN, it lost its actual significance.

Causes of Arab Spring were-

a. Economic Causes- the economic condition of the Middle East countries was very much deteriorating. The people were suffering from food crisis and low standard of living. Level of unemployment was increasing.

b. Social Causes- The people did not have the social freedom to move freely or to express their opinions in the public. The government of dictator had the absolute rule over the whole society.

c. Corruption- In Middle East countries the corruption was at its height during this this time. The business elites collaborated with the regime to exploit the masses.

d. Rebellion- Within a month of the downfall of Tunisian dictatorship in 2011, the protests spread to almost every Arab country, as people revolted, though with varying intensity, but the media helped to a great extent to give further encouragement to the rebellion.

e. Sudden cause- the death of Mohammed Bouazizi, the street hawker of Tunisia led the inhabitants of Arab states to go against the despotic rulers. He committed the self-immolation as a protest in December, 2010, when his goods were taken away and he was humiliated at the hands of a female municipal officer.

Followings were the results of the Arab Spring-

a. Removal of Authoritarian rulers from Tunisia, Libya and Egypt- Most of the Middle Eastern countries were being ruled by the authoritarian rulers. Many of them ruled for decades so, after the revolt these despotic rulers were being removed from their thrones.

b. Political and Social Rights- The rulers of Oman, Saudi Arabia, Morocco and Bahrain granted social and economic rights to their citizens.

c. Development of Public Political Sphere- Arab Springs marked the formation of a public political sphere where common masses could discuss politics openly in the public places.

d. Emergence of democracy- the revolt was a successful attempt at bringing democratic ideals in the Middle Eastern countries. The people got freedom from all the despotic shackles after long drawn war against it.