Why Do We Fall Ill?

The given statement is False

Rickets is caused due to deficiency of vitamin D in the body.

The given statement is False

Hepatitis is a communicable disease that can spread through touch, sharing of contaminated food and sexual intercourse.

The given statement is True

Dr. Edward Jenner developed was an English physician and scientist who was the pioneer of smallpox vaccine, the world's first vaccine.

The given statement is True

HIV virus is a retrovirus as it uses its own reverse transcriptase enzyme to produce DNA from its RNA genome, the reverse of the usual pattern, thus retro (backwards).

The given statement is True

It can be spread by sexual contact with an infected person, by sharing needles/syringes with someone who is infected, or, rarely, through transfusions with infected blood. ... The most common type of HIV is known as HIV-1.

The given statement is False

Communicable diseases comprise infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and measles, while non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are mostly chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and diabetes.

The given statement is True

stress can lead to changes in behavior and in physiology. Behavioral changes can include smoking, changes in eating habits and physical activity. Physiological changes can include changes in sympathetic activation or HPA activity, and immunological function. However, there is much variability in the link between stress and illness.

The given statement is False

Blood pressure is the pressure produced on blood vessels during contraction and relaxation of the heart. 90% of hypertension has no definite cause and is called "primary hypertension". They are probably related to hereditary factors. It usually presents after middle age. It is not spread from one person to other.

The given statement is True

Penicillins and other antibiotics in the beta-lactam family contain a characteristic four-membered beta-lactam ring. Penicillin kills bacteria through binding of the beta-lactam ring to DD-transpeptidase, inhibiting its cross-linking activity and preventing new cell wall formation. Without a cell wall, a bacterial cell is vulnerable to outside water and molecular pressures, and quickly dies. Since human cells do not contain a cell wall, penicillin treatment results in bacterial cell death without affecting human cells.

The given statement is True

Good personal hygiene, through handwashing, and safe diapering practices are critical to helping prevent the spread of illness and disease in emergency situations.

The given statement is True

They are a major defense against viral infections and abnormal growths (neoplasms). Interferons are produced in response to penetration of animal cells by viral infections and in stimulating the entire immune system to fight disease.

The given statement is True

Organisms produce antibiotics to compete for a particular niche and to survive. For example, Ascomycetes (Penicillium) produces penicillin. Penicillin kills bacteria by interfering with the enzyme that links sugar chains in the cell wall. Plant and fungi have different cell wall structures.

The given statement is True

Streptomycin is in the aminoglycoside class of medication. It works by blocking the ability of 30S ribosomal subunits to make proteins which results in bacterial death and inhibits protein synthesis in pathogenic bacteria

The given statement is True

Hepatitis B causes a long-term infection that could lead to liver damage and takes long time to recover from Hepatitis B

The given statement is False

Ringworm of the skin (tinea corporis) is most commonly caused by the fungus Trichophyton rubrum, which spreads from one person to another. It can also be caused by Microsporum canis, which is spread by cats and dogs.

The given statement is True.

An acquired disorder is a medical condition which develops postnatally For example, AIDS is an acquired, not an inherited, form of immune deficiency.

The given statement is False

Cancer cells from one person are generally unable to live in the body of another healthy person. A healthy person’s immune system recognizes foreign cells and destroys them, including cancer cells from another person.

True

Botulism poisoning is due to a toxin produced by a type of bacteria called Clostridium botulinum. Certain food sources, such as home-canned foods, provide a potent breeding ground for botulism can be home-canned foods or commercially canned products that didn’t undergo proper processing.

(1)The full form of PPIP is Pulse polio immunisation programme;

(2) The full form of OPV is Oral polio vaccine;

(3) The full form of NIDS is National immunisation days, e.g. 4 NIDs for PPIP.

(a) Strolling is no exercise as a person moves slowly. It is a way of relaxation where stress and strain can be relieved.

(b) Wearing socks and full sleeves at night will not prevent the attack from dengue as dengue spreads at day time. Dengue is caused by bite of Aedes aegypti mosquito which is active during day time only.

(c) Yes. ORS prevents dehydration. Diarrhoea is generally cured automatically after 1 to 2 days because it is mostly viral infection.

(a) The right answer is Malaria

In Malaria antibiotics have no role and show no resistance against disease.

(b) The right answer is AIDS

Kissing does not spread the disease as saliva exchange does not transfer the virus. On the other hand sexual transfer leads to development of disease AIDS.

(c) The right answer is Polio

Mass immunization campaigns, known as National Immunization Days (NIDs) is going on India.

(d) The right answer is Diarrhoea.

Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea, is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day. It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss.

Organ affected in Japanese Encephalitis – Brain

Epidemic disease is the rapid spread of infectious disease to a large number of people in a given population within a short period of time, usually two weeks or less.

Antibiotics – They block biochemical pathways of bacteria such as synthesis of cell wall and proteins. Therefore bacteria die due to antibiotic action.

Liver is affected when a person is suffering from Jaundice.

Antibiotic Effect in Japanese Encephalitis – Nil Japanese encephalitis is a viral disease while antibiotics are effective against bacteria.

Bland and nourished food is advisable when we fall sick so that we can get adequate nourishment and get better soon.

Immunization - It is the development of resistance against a pathogen. It is carried out through vaccination.

Principle of vaccination. Vaccination introduces a harmless antigen of a pathogen into the body. Our immune system develops some antibodies and memory lymphocytes against the pathogen. When the actual pathogen happens to enter the body, the immune system recognises its antigen through memory cells. The memory cells induce large scale synthesis of cytotoxic and antibody producing lymphocytes to eliminate the pathogen.

Polio and Diphtheria can be prevented by vaccination.

(a) The microorganism can find entry through contaminated food and water and diseases are Cholera and Typhoid.

(b) By Mosquitoes. Malaria by bite of female Anopheles, dengue by bite of Aedes.

(c) Sexual contact. Syphilis, AIDS.

Antibiotics are effective against bacteria but not against viruses. Antibiotics block specific pathways found in bacteria. Viruses do not have their own metabolic pathways, therefore, in order to reproduce us to use the metabolic pathways of the cells they infect.

The two consequences that a person has to face while dealing with an infectious diseases are that the body organs and functions are damaged and need a lot of care for the recovery. The second thing is that the person becomes prone to further infections and diseases and have low immunity.

Dengue, Malaria, Kala-azar and HIV-AIDS have protozoan in origin.

There are two ways to prevent being infected by Protozoa. They are:

We should avoid contaminated food and water.

Colds are caused by viruses. When people take them unnecessarily, antibiotics become less effective because bacteria build up a resistance to them. That's why your doctor won't prescribe an antibiotic if you have a common cold. Common cold is caused by a virus and virus do not have a fixed biochemical pathways that is why antibiotics and not able to get into their way.

Diphtheria and Tetanus.

Diphtheria - Fatigue and difficulty in swallowing

Tetanus - Fever and suffocation

Health - It is a "State of complete physical, mental, and social well being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."

Physical inactivity. - It is one of the main reasons for many diseases

Raised cholesterol. It leads to blocked heart and arteries. It causes damage to cardiac and nervous system

Unhealthy diet - Unhealthy diet leads to malnutrition and excess of nutrition. It damages the body parts and bodily functions

Raised blood glucose. It leads to diabetes and a person has to rely on medicine throughout life.

the right answer is

There are many disease that are mostly internal and non-infectious. For example, High blood pressure can be caused by excessive weight and lack of exercise. Lack of exercise and excessive add more cholesterol and makes the pressure of blood high. It leads to high blood pressure and causes problem in heart.

Immunization, or immunisation, is the process by which an individual's immune system becomes fortified against an agent (known as the immunogen). ... The most important elements of the immune system that are improved by immunization are the T cells, B cells, and the antibodies B cells produce.

Polio and Rubella.

The difference between acute and chronic when used for diseases is that acute means extremely severe pain, brief and dangerous disease whereas chronic refers to a medical condition that lasts over a long period. Chronic also means something always present and recurring or something habitual.

Acute disease example -Asthma

Chronic disease example - Heart failure

The right answer is

When microbes targets liver it causes Jaundice.

When microbes targets lungs it causes Pneumonia.

“Prevention of disease is more desirable than its treatment” The three strategies that can be adopted for the prevention of infectious diseases,

Maintenance of hygiene and precautions to ward of diseases

Proper nutrition to cope with the loss incurred by disease

Intake of medicine and proper treatment to stop the disease for ever.

Our immune system is activated in response to infection. Multicellular animals have dedicated cells or tissues to deal with the threat of infection. Some of these responses happen immediately so that an infecting agent can be quickly contained. Other responses are slower but are more tailored to the infecting agent. Collectively, these protections are known as the immune system. The human immune system is essential for our survival in a world full of potentially dangerous microbes, and serious impairment of even one arm of this system can predispose to severe, even life-threatening, infections.

HIV attaches to these CD4 cells. The virus then infects the cells and uses them as a place to multiply. In doing so, the virus destroys the ability of the infected cells to do their job in the immune system. The body then loses the ability to fight many infections. HIV is a unique human RNA virus, capable of infecting cells of the immune system. Specifically, HIV targets T helper cells (CD4 cells), leading to the eventual death of the cell. CD4 cells are vital players in the regulation of immune responses to invading microorganisms. In an untreated person, 10 billion to 100 billion new viruses are produced per day. This massive viral replication leads to a progressive loss of CD4 cells over a period of several years to as long as a decade. And destruction of CD4 cells renders a patient vulnerable to unusual opportunistic infections (OIs) that are rarely seen in healthy humans. Most patients who die from AIDS succumb to one or more infections.

Viruses have few genes, sometimes less than 10, and thus few proteins that can be targeted. By contrast, bacteria have thousands of different genes and proteins. There are just more targets to shoot at with bacteria. Bacteria (except in spore stages) must be continuously active metabolically, and thus can be poisoned at any time. Viruses are metabolically inert until they have already infected a host cell, and are not susceptible to the actions of antivirals until then. An exception would be drugs that block viral adhesion to host cells, thus preventing their entry.

Viruses use a lot of host cell proteins for their replication and spread. Any drug that targets host cell proteins will be toxic to the host.

Viruses often hijack host genes, and thus their proteins can be closely related to host proteins. Making a drug that discriminates between viral and host versions of a protein is very very difficult.

Viruses are far more diverse than bacteria. Whereas most antibiotics are effective against many different species of bacteria, antivirals usually are very specific to one type of virus.

Infectious diseases can spread in a variety of ways: through the air, from direct or indirect contact with another person,

The immune system protects the body against disease or other potentially damaging foreign bodies. When functioning properly, the immune system identifies and attacks a variety of threats, including viruses, bacteria and parasites, while distinguishing them from the body's own healthy tissue.

An antigenic substance prepared from the causative agent of a disease or a synthetic substitute, used to provide immunity against one or several diseases.

Immunization is done through various techniques, most commonly vaccination. Vaccines against microorganisms that cause diseases can prepare the body's immune system, thus helping to fight or prevent an infection.

Infectious diseases are illnesses that are contagious, meaning they can be spread from one person to another. Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms, called pathogens, or what we commonly refer to as germs. Viral and bacterial infections are the most common causes of infectious disease. However, fungi and one-celled organisms called protozoa can also be responsible. Flu or influenza

Non infectious diseases are illness that are non contagious and cannot spread through contact. Example is Allergy and blood pressure.

Typhoid fever (TF) is one of the most common infectious diseases in developing countries. Early and definitive diagnosis of the disease is not only important in relieving patients’ suffering, but also critical in avoiding fatal complications such as perforation of the intestines. It also makes possible specific treatment at an early stage, which leads to the rapid elimination of the pathogen from the chronic patient’s excreta, especially stool, become a constant source of spread of the disease. Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the oldest known human infectious diseases, primarily affects lungs and causes Pulmonary TB (PTB), also can affect intestine, meninges, bones and joints, lymph glands, skin and other tissues of the body. It’s one of the three primary diseases of poverty along with AIDS and malaria, it may cause to death ranging between 10 -15 people every year in the developing world. So both the diseases are dangerous if not cured and administered properly.

Radha might have contracted the disease through sexual contact and blood transfusion. Other infections can affect the eyes, the organs of the digestive system, the kidneys, the lungs, and the brain. Some people develop rare kinds of cancers of the skin or immune system.

Jaundice can be prevented by drinking clean water, maintaining hygiene and vaccination.

The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends that all children receive their first dose of Hepatitis B vaccine at birth and complete the vaccine series by age 6–18 months. Older children and adolescents who did not previously receive the Hepatitis B vaccine should also be vaccinated. It may be due to lethargic attitude or ignorance of the parents that children did not get the vaccination.

Symptoms of typhoid include high fever, headache, stomach pain, weakness, vomiting and loose stools.

White blood cells are an important part of the immune system. HIV infects and destroys certain white blood cells called CD4+ cells. If too many CD4+ cells are destroyed, the body can no longer defend itself against infection.

Jaundice, also known as icterus, is a yellowish or greenish pigmentation of the skin and whites of the eyes due to high bilirubin levels. It affects liver.

A disease that is not contagious is called a noninfectious disease. These diseases are not caused by pathogens. Instead, they are likely to have causes such as lifestyle factors, environmental toxins, or gene mutations.

A congenital disorder, also known as a congenital disease, deformity, birth defect, or anomaly, is a condition existing at or before birth regardless of cause.

Hemophilia is a rare disorder in which your blood doesn't clot normally because it lacks sufficient blood-clotting proteins (clotting factors). Hemophilia A, also called factor VIII (FVIII) deficiency or classic hemophilia, is a genetic disorder caused by missing or defective factor VIII, a clotting protein.

Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccine is a vaccine primarily used against tuberculosis. In countries where tuberculosis is common, one dose is recommended in healthy babies as close to the time of birth as possible.

Infectious diseases are transmitted from person to person by direct or indirect contact. Certain types of viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi can all cause infectious disease. Malaria, measles, and respiratory illnesses are examples of infectious diseases.

HIV infection is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus. You can get HIV from contact with infected blood, semen, or vaginal fluids. Most people get the virus by having unprotected sex with someone who has HIV. Another common way of getting it is by sharing drug needles with someone who is infected with HIV.

The common cold is a viral infectious disease that infects the upper respiratory system. It is also known as acute viral rhinopharyngitis, or acute coryza. Being the most common infectious disease in humans, the cold is mainly caused by coronaviruses and rhinoviruses.

If pain is often caused by problems in a particular organ. The most common cause of localized pain is stomach ulcers (open sores on the inner lining of the stomach). Cramp-like pain may be associated with diarrhea, constipation, bloating, or flatulence.

Depending upon the type of disease, the symptoms can be one or all of them in chronic disease.

Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a type of bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It's spread when a person with active TB disease in their lungs coughs or sneezes and someone else inhales the expelled droplets, which contain TB bacteria.

Ascaris lumbricoides is the "giant roundworm" of humans, growing to a length of up to 35 cm (14 in). It is one of several species of Ascaris. An ascarid nematode of the phylum Nematoda, it is the most common parasitic worm in humans. The eggs hatch in the intestines, burrow through the gut wall, and migrate to the lungs via the blood.

AIDS (Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is a syndrome caused by a virus called HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus).

An allergy is a non-communicable disease and is a medical condition that makes a person feels unwell, when they eat or come in contact with allergens. It does not spread from one person to other.

The most common chronic condition is high blood pressure.

A disease vector is any agent (animal, or microorganism) that carries and spreads disease.

Malaria is transmitted from man to man by the female anopheles mosquito, one of the most capable vectors of human disease. Malaria is caused by a one-celled parasite called a Plasmodium. Female Anopheles mosquitoes pick up the parasite from infected people when they bite to obtain blood needed to nurture their eggs. Inside the mosquito the parasites reproduce and develop. When the mosquito bites again, the parasites contained in the salivary gland are injected and pass into the blood of the person being bitten.

Transmission is the passing of a pathogen causing ... droplet contact – coughing or sneezing on another individual; direct physical contact – touching an infected individual.

Protozoan infections are parasitic diseases caused by organisms formerly classified in the Kingdom Protozoa. They include organisms classified in Amoebozoa, Excavata, and Chromalveolata.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis(MTB). Infection of other organs can cause a wide range of symptoms. Tuberculosis is spread through the air when people who have active TB in their lungs cough, spit, speak, or sneeze.

Flies collect pathogens on their legs and mouths when females lay eggs on decomposing organic matter such as feces, garbage and animal corpses. House flies carry diseases on their legs and the small hairs that cover their bodies. It takes only a matter of seconds for them to transfer these pathogens to food or touched surfaces. Mature house flies also use saliva to liquefy solid food before feeding on it. During this process, they transfer the pathogens first collected by landing on offal. Diseases carried by house flies include typhoid, cholera and dysentery.

Retrovirus is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus with a DNA intermediate.

Streptomycin is derived from the actinobacterium Streptomyces griseus. It inhibits protein synthesis and causes the death of microbial cells. It is a useful broad-spectrum antibiotic.

A swelling in the neck due to an enlarged thyroid gland is called a goitre.

Tetanus, also called lockjaw, is a serious infection caused by Clostridium tetani; this bacterium produces a toxin that affects the brain and nervous system, leading to stiffness in the muscles.

Vector-borne diseases are infections transmitted by the bite of infected animal to healthy person.

An airborne disease is any disease that is caused by pathogens and transmitted through the air. Inadequate ventilation is implicated in the airborne transmission of respiratory viruses.

Hepatitis B is a contagious liver disease that results from infection with the Hepatitis B virus. without their knowledge, and it can easily be passed to other people.

Individual health depends upon cleanliness, mental and social well being.

Mosquitoes are the main carrier for malaria and also cause dengue etc.

Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the microscopic air sacs known as alveoli.

We don't get HIV from touching someone, hugging them or shaking their hand. It is the ignorance about the real factors that causes aids.

Cancers linked to the use of smokeless tobacco include: Mouth, tongue, cheek, and gum cancer. Cancer in the esophagus (the swallowing tube that goes from your mouth to your stomach) Pancreatic cancer.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar, black fever, and Dumdum fever, is the most severe form of leishmaniasis and, without proper diagnosis and treatment, is associated with high fatality. Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by protozoan parasites of the Leishmania genus.

Typhoid fever is an acute illness associated with fever caused by the Salmonella typhi bacteria. It can also be caused by Salmonella paratyphi, a related bacterium that usually causes a less severe illness. The bacteria are deposited in water or food by a human carrier and are then spread to other people in the area.

Typhoid is an infection caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhimurium. The bacterium lives in the intestines and bloodstream of humans. It is spread between individuals by direct contact with the feces of an infected person. No animals carry this disease, so transmission is always human to human.

Influenza, commonly known as "the flu", is an infectious disease caused by an influenza virus.

A good strong sneeze can send 100,000 virus. Viruses that cause colds can spread from infected people to others through sneezing.

Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease affecting humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans belonging to the Plasmodium type.

Antibiotics commonly block biochemical pathways important for bacteria. These kill the bacteria by inhibiting its growth. But the same antibiotics do not work on viruses. Because viruses do not use biochemical pathways such as bacteria and they have few biochemical mechanisms of their own.

An ulcer is the end result of an imbalance between digestive fluids in the stomach and duodenum. Most ulcers are caused by an infection with a type of bacteria called Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori).

Peptic ulcers are sores that develop in the lining of the stomach, lower esophagus, or small intestine. The most common symptom of a peptic ulcer is burning abdominal pain that extends from the navel to the chest.

A child receives oral polio vaccine during a immunization camps in India. It is done to prevent polio.

Disease carrier is defined as an organism, place or thing that harbours germs of a disease but does not suffer from the disease is termed as carrier. Housefly is an example of disease carrier.

In nearly all types of infections of the human body, there is a rise in body temperature, an increase rate of heart beat (i.e. pulse rate) increases frequency of respiration, dry tongue, poor appetite, concentration of urine and changes in the level white blood cells circulating the blood.

Mental health and social well being are abstract concepts and cannot be measured on any parameters.

Robert Koch is biologist who established that pathogen is a disease agent.

Lysozyme is the enzyme present in tears which prevents eye infections while crying.

The enzyme lysozyme in saliva kills bacteria in food in our mouth, and in stomach HCL (hydrochloric acid) of gastric juice kills the bacteria.

If a pregnant mother is suffering from AIDS, would her child get the disease via Placenta. (AIDS in a viral disease; it is not a genetic disease).

Sir. Edward Jenner discovered smallpox vaccine.

It is difficult to develop vaccines against the diseases caused by viruses. Viruses are very specific to hosts. They live and multiply only in the living cells. They cannot be cultured on artificial medium. It is because of these factors that vaccines are difficult to be prepared in such cases. However, living cells of human's body which are exposed to action of a virus, secrete a heat stable basic antiviral, all visitors to a foreign country are vaccinated against the disease which is not preventable in that country.

A person may be carrier of some disease. Such a person may take that particular disease to a foreign country. Therefore, all visitors to a foreign country are vaccinated against the disease which is not prevalent in that country. It also acts as preventive measure against diseases commonly found in foreign country. This way the traveller and the host country become disease free.

D.P.T. is a vaccine which is three-in-one. Babies should be immunised within the first six weeks of birth. It is the part of vaccination program. DPT: D = Diphtheria, P = Pertussis (whooping cough), T = Tetanus.

There are two types of immunodeficiency disorders: those you are born with (primary), and those that are acquired (secondary). Anything that weakens your immune system can lead to a secondary immunodeficiency disorder. Immunodeficiency disorders prevent your body from fighting diseases and infections.

The right answer is Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

African trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness, is an insect-borne parasitic disease of humans and other animals. It is caused by protozoa of the species Trypanosoma brucei. There are two types that infect humans, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (TbG) and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (TbR).

The right answer is True

Oral poliovirus vaccines (OPV) are the predominant vaccine used in the fight to eradicate polio.

The right answer is

The figure represents Staphylococcus. It is a bacteria that causes acne

The various infectious diseases are:

AIDS, Amebiasis, Anthrax, Chickenpox, Cholera Dengue fever and Filariasis.

Immunity - It is the ability of an organism to resist a particular infection or toxin by the action of specific antibodies or sensitized white blood cells.

Antigen - An antigen is a molecule capable of inducing an immune response on the part of the host organism, though sometimes antigens can be part of the host itself. An antigen is any substance that causes an immune system to produce antibodies against it.

Antibody - An antibody, also known as an immunoglobulin, is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses

Antibiotics -Antibiotics, also called antibacterials, are a type of antimicrobial drug used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections. They may either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria.

The bacterial diseases against which vaccines are available are

Tuberculosis - BCG Vaccine

Typhoid fever - Typhoid vaccine

Epiglottitis - Hib vaccine

Meningococcal meningitis - Meningococcal vaccine

Prevention is better than a cure because it literally prevents the discomfort and costs of becoming sick or experiencing a similar preventable event. It also often takes less effort to prevent something than to cure it. As It is better to stop something bad from happening than it is to deal with it Taking some precautions in life prevents us from acquiring diseases. On economical side also prevention is more economical than cure.

World Health Organisation is the full form of WHO

“A state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity that enables one to lead socially and economically productive life is defined as health.

Disease (dis = without, ease = comfort) or disorder of the body or its part.

Proper balanced food, personal hygiene, timely vaccinations and personal protection from pests and vectors are few of the personal issues involved in health.

An acute disease is a short duration disease which often has a relatively severe course.

Chronic disease is a long duration slow developing, disabling disease that shows up in long time.

Immediate, precipitating or first level of cause of a disease is the actual agent or factor that causes the disease, e.g. Virus in common diarrhea.

Contributing causes are factors which make an individual prone to catch a disease, e.g. undernourishment, defective heredity, poor public health services.

Congenital diseases are the diseases found in an individual right from birth like down syndrome.

Acquired diseases are those diseases which one individual picks up after birth. like Jaundice.

Infectious diseases are diseases that are caused by pathogens and are capable of spreading from a diseased person to a healthy person. examples are flu and influenza.

Noninfectious diseases are the ones which are produced by the factors other than living organisms and are incapable of spreading from one person to another. like high blood pressure.

Symptoms are structural and functional manifestations of the presence of a disease and they indicate the presence of the disease.

Signs are definite clues or indications of a disease.

Typhoid and polio respectively.

Fungus and filarial worm (nematode), respectively.

Syphilis is the name of the disease that is caused by bacteria.

HIV = Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

Rabies if not treated is caused by dog bite.

Leishmania (protozoa).

It requires protein of human blood to lay eggs and transmit the disease via blood.

Cholera and Hepatitis A are transmitted by the contaminated food and water.

Virus and bacterium respectively.

Brain and lymph nodes are target organs of Japanese encephalitis and AIDS virus respectively.

Eating balanced diet and personal and domestic hygiene are two basic conditions necessary for keeping good health.

Drinking alcohol and smoking should be avoided to keep good health.

Sleep is one of the best forms of relaxation.

It may contains microbes and harmful (toxic) substances (e.g. dust) from environment.

Red blood corpuscles (erythrocytes) and liver cells are targeted by malarial pathogen.

Severe headache and vomiting the symptoms of a disease if brain is infected.

Jaundice.

Number of pathogens (microorganisms). present in the body or organs makes the disease severe.

Intact skin and sweat prevents the entry of microbes in the body.

HCL in stomach kills the microbes.

Histamine is released by damaged cells which causes inflammation.

Macrophages causes phagocytosis

Folic acid synthesis.

By reducing the effect of the disease and by killing microbes we treat the disease.

Antibiotic is a chemical produced by a microorganisms, which kills or prevents the growth of other microorganisms and save us from the attack of disease.

In case of viruses, antibiotics are nearly ineffective.

AIDS is a disease against which we have been able to develop drug.

Protist is an informal term for any eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, plant or fungus. The process of developing immunity (capability to fight infections) is called immunization.

Vaccination is one of the most effective method to prevent infection.

The capability of the body to fight against infection owing to the presence of specific antibodies is called immunity.

DPT = Diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough) and tetanus.

Polio and tuberculosis (T.B.) are the two disease against which vaccines are available.

Influenza, Polio are two examples of viral diseases.

Tuberculosis (T.B.) and Typhoid are examples of bacterial diseases.

Malaria is an examples of protozoan diseases.

Bacterium – Helicobacter pylori.

Barry Marshall and Robin Warren got Nobel prize for Physiology and Medicine, 2005 for discovery of treatment of peptic ulcers.

(a) patient fears from water - Rabies;

(b) Yellowing of skin takes place - Hepatitis.

AIDS is sexually transmitted viral disease.

ORS = Oral Rehydration Solution.

Plasmodium and female Anopheles mosquito respectively.

(a) Mycobacterium tuberculosis; (b) Salmonella typhi.

Polio and Measles are diseases against which vaccines are available.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome.

Rabid dogs and cats transmit rabies to human beings.

Sexual contact with an infected person and through transfusion of infected blood are two modes of transmission of AIDS.

Rabid animals should be killed and compulsory immunization of dogs and cats should be done to prevent rabies on them.

It is transmitted directly (by sneezing, coughing) and indirectly (air borne disease).

Polio make the legs paralyzed.

1995-1996

BCG = Bacillus Calmette Guerin.

Bacteria such as Salmonella and Shigella are causal organism of diarrhea.

Tuberculosis will not happen if child is BCG vaccinated against it.

(i) Healthy is a state of physical, social and mental well being while disease free is a state of absence of body comfort.

(ii) A healthy person can be disease free but a disease free person cannot be a healthy person.

it is impossible to eliminate altogether disaster or problems that lead to a .... medical care, disease prevention, health education, dealing, Deciding on essential drug list, case definition and standard.

Local authorities have the remit to test the water supply and ensure it is safe to drink but they are not regulations made under the Act also apply to water ... or the provision of essential pumping or water filtration/disinfection.

Local government must provide waste management services, which waste separation, compacting, management and disposal of solid waste.

A symptom is a phenomenon that is experienced by the individual affected by the disease, while a sign is a phenomenon that can be detected by someone other than the individual affected by the disease. For examples, anxiety, pain, and fatigue are all symptoms.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Leishmania donovani, L. infantum, or L. chagasi,

Malaria - Plasmodium malariae is a parasitic protozoa that causes malaria in humans.

Measles - Measles is caused by an RNA paramyxovirus.

Trichophyton mentagrophytes often causes toe web or vesicular (blister like) infections.

Vibrio cholerae, the Causative Organism.

Kissing and hugging does not causes AIDS to spread.

A vector is an organism who passes on a disease without getting sick. A vector actively transmits an infectious agent between infected and susceptible vertebrates. ... The true carrier, which is an infected individual capable of disseminating the infectious agent but which never exhibits clinical signs of disease.

Organ – Specific and Tissue-Specific Manifestations. The disease-causing microbes enter the body through these different means. The body is very large when compared to the microbes. So there are many possible places, namely the organs or tissues, where they could go and enter the body to spread the disease.

When a microbe/ Antigens enter our body our immune system identifies and kills that pathogen by producing antibodies against it. Immune system consists of White Blood Cells which fight with pathogens and provide protection to our body

AIDS is a disease in which the immune system of the individual gets affected ... Hence, infected person's body is not able to fight even minor diseases.

Yes, we can treat an infectious disease by killing the microbes that cause the infectious disease Diseases where infectious agents such as bacteria, virus r other microbes are involved in the infectious diseases. The disease can be cured using microbe specific disease. For example antibiotic penicillin blocks the cell wall formation in bacteria and quinine is used to treat malaria.

Prevention and cure, both are different words and their meanings are also different. However, prevention is considered as better than cure because it saves us from harm of curing through medicines. Prevention is a safe way to remain away from any problem. We just need to maintain a healthy and disciplined lifestyle all through the life. Whereas, our carelessness lead us toward cure using medicines or other treatments. Cure cannot cure us completely however prevention keeps us away from danger and maintains normal health.

Vaccines are like a training course for the immune system. They prepare the body to fight disease without exposing it to disease symptoms. When foreign invaders such as bacteria or viruses enter the body, immune cells called lymphocytes respond by producing antibodies, which are protein molecules.

Human bacterial diseases - Tuberculosis, Diphtheria, Whooping Cough or Pertussis.

Human viral diseases - Chickenpox, Flu (influenza), Herpes.

A prolonged bout of diarrhea or vomiting can cause the body to lose more fluid than it can take in. The result is dehydration, which occurs when your body doesn't have the fluid it needs to function properly. Severe dehydration can cause your kidneys to shut down.

The unhygienic conditions that must be prevailing in that locality are dirty water and litter around the space.

Doctors use thick and thin blood smears to find out whether malaria-causing parasites are in your blood. These tests should be done if you have been in a region where malaria is present, you were exposed to mosquitoes, and you have flu-like symptoms. A blood smear is prepared from a blood sample.

Malaria can often be avoided using the ABCD approach to prevention, which stands for: Awareness of risk – find out whether you're at risk of getting malaria. Bite prevention – avoid mosquito bites by using insect repellent, covering your arms and legs, and using a mosquito net.

The patient is suffering from AIDS. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the causative agent for AIDS. The most common type is known as HIV-1 and is the infectious agent that has led to the worldwide AIDS epidemic,”

Contact between broken skin, wounds, or mucous membranes and HIV-infected blood or blood-contaminated body fluids. Deep, open-mouth kissing if the person with HIV has sores or bleeding gums and blood from the HIV-positive partner gets into the bloodstream of the HIV-negative partner. HIV is not spread through saliva.

Diarrhoea is defined as the passage of three or more loose or liquid stools per day (or more frequent passage than is normal for the individual). Frequent passing of formed stools is not diarrhoea, nor is the passing of loose, "pasty" stools by breastfed babies.

Hydrophobia ("fear of water") is the historic name for rabies. It refers to a set of symptoms in the later stages of an infection in which the person has difficulty swallowing, shows panic when presented with liquids to drink, and cannot quench his or her thirst.

Pulse Polio is an immunisation campaign established by the government of India to eliminate poliomyelitis (polio) in India by vaccinating all children under the age of five years against the polio virus. The project fights poliomyelitis through a large-scale pulse vaccination programme and monitoring for polio cases.

Some factors that determine the health of a community include the social and economic environment and the physical environment, as stated by the World Health Organization. ... One example of how the economic environment impacts community health is income and social status.

Infectious diseases are transmitted from person to person by direct or indirect contact. Certain types of viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi can all cause infectious disease. Malaria, measles, and respiratory illnesses are examples of infectious diseases.

Clean Your Hands. Use soap and warm water.

Make sure health care providers clean their hands or wear gloves. ...

Cover your mouth and nose.

If you are sick, avoid close contact with others.

Get shots to avoid disease and fight the spread of infection.

In the treatment of a disease certain factors and conditions should be considered, that is, time (seasonal and climatic conditions), place (geographical location and environment), and personal characteristics (living customs, age, sex, and body constitution)

(a) AIDS - (Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is a syndrome caused by a virus called HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). ... This susceptibility worsens as the syndrome progresses. HIV is found in the body fluids of an infected person (semen and vaginal fluids, blood and breast milk).

(b) Malaria - Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a parasite: it is spread by the bite of an infected mosquito. People catch malaria when the parasite enters the blood. ... The Plasmodium gets into people by the bites of mosquitoes. The Plasmodium is in the mosquito's special saliva.

Bacterial diseases of human beings - Tuberculosis, Diphtheria.

(1) Hand Shaking (2) Hugging

(a) It is a chronic bacterial disease and highly infectious. Tuberculosis spreads through air and affects the lungs of the person. It is caused by tubercle The infection spreads by inhalation of droplets expelled by the patient through, sneezing, coughing, yawning, speaking loudly, etc. Through direct contact by the patient(c) Inhalation of fine dust containing tubercle bacilli from sputum and discharges thrown on floor, walls, furniture etc. By consuming contaminated milk, food product, milk product and unpasteurised milk. Infected articles, clothes, utensils, etc. may spread the disease.

The characteristic symptoms occur slowly. Initially, the patient feels easily exhausted and fatigue doing ordinary work and feels excessive weakness. Loss of appetite, hoarseness of throat, pain in the chest due to infected lungs. The cough secretion is tested for the presence of tubercle bacillus. X-ray film shows the extent of infection in the lungs. Patient sweats profusely at night and feels weak. Child should be given B.C.G. (Bacillus Calmette Guerin) vaccine by intradermal injection within the first three months of age.

Polio - Polio can be classified as either symptomatic or asymptomatic (with or without symptoms). About 95 percent of all cases are asymptomatic, and 4-8 percent of cases are symptomatic.

(b) Polio is caused by the poliovirus, a highly contagious virus specific to humans. The virus usually enters the environment in the feces of someone who is infected. In areas with poor sanitation, the virus easily spreads from feces into the water supply, or, by touch, into food. In addition, because polio is so contagious, direct contact with a person infected with the virus can cause polio. Individuals who carry the poliovirus can spread it via their feces for weeks, even if they have shown no symptoms themselves. Once the virus has entered an individual, it infects the cells of the throat and intestine. It takes over the host's cellular machinery and begins to replicate. The virus stays within the intestines, rapidly dividing for a week, before spreading to other areas of the body. Eventually, the virus moves into the bloodstream where it can spread to the entire body. Polio, in its most debilitating forms, displays symptoms such as paralysis and death. However, most people with polio don't display any symptoms or become noticeably sick. When symptoms do appear, they differ depending on the type of polio. There is no cure for polio once a person becomes infected. Therefore, treatments are focused on increasing comfort, managing symptoms, and preventing complications. This can include providing bed rest, antibiotics for additional infections, pain killers, ventilators to help breathing, physiotherapy, and moderate exercise, and a proper diet.

The right answer is Mentally

All the three aspects of health, social mental and physical are equally important for wellbeing of human being.

The right answer is Under nourishment and Genetic

The diseases are caused by lack of nutrients or passed on from heredity from parents to off springs. The diseases caused due to lack of nutrition are Scurvy, Rickets. Some genetic disorders are inherited from the parents, while other genetic diseases are caused by acquired changes or mutations in a pre-existing gene or group of genes. The genetically acquired disease are Down syndrome and Cystic fibrosis.

The right answer is Micro organisms

Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi or parasites^. Microorganisms that cause disease are collectively called pathogens. The disease are flu, influenza, AIDS etc.

The right answer is Bacterium, Protozoan

Cholera is an infection of the small intestine by some strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Symptoms may range from none, to mild, to severe. Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease affecting humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans belonging to the Plasmodium type.

The right answer is Anopheles, Stagnant

Malaria disease is transmitted through the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito. Infected mosquitoes carry the Plasmodium parasite. When this mosquito bites, the parasite is released into your bloodstream. Once the parasites are inside the body, they travel to the liver, where they mature. After several days, the mature parasites enter the bloodstream and begin to infect red blood cells. Within 48 to 72 hours, the parasites inside the red blood cells multiply, causing the infected cells to burst open. The parasites continue to infect red blood cells, resulting in symptoms that occur in cycles that last two to three days at a time.

The right answer is Congenital

A congenital disorder, also known as a congenital disease, deformity, birth defect, or anomaly, is a condition existing at or before birth regardless of cause. Of these disorders, those characterized by structural deformities are termed "congenital anomalies" and involve defects in a developing fetus.

The right answer is Viral

Interferons (IFNs) are a group of signalling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and also tumor cells. ... Interferons are named for their ability to "interfere" with viral replication by protecting cells from virus infections.

The right answer is Pathogen

A pathogen or infectious agent is a biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host. pathogens can infect unicellular organisms from all of the biological kingdoms.

The right answer is Vector

Vectors are living organisms that can transmit infectious diseases between humans or from animals to humans. Many of these vectors are bloodsucking insects, which ingest disease-producing microorganisms during a blood meal from an infected host (human or animal) and later inject it into a new host during their subsequent blood meal. Mosquitoes are the best known disease vector. Others include ticks, flies, sand flies, fleas, triatomine bugs and some freshwater aquatic snails.

The right answer is Helper T- Cells

T-cells are targeted as the AIDS parasitizes the CD4+ molecules on their surface. Our body fights back the HIV infections producing another 2 billion cells to replace the infected ones stabilizing the T-cells count temporarily. Yet from day one, the T-cells fight a losing battle. Although HIV target T-cells and other cells in the body, HIV thrives mainly in the lymph nodes and the other immune parts of our body.

The right answer is BCG

T-cells are targeted as the AIDS parasitizes the CD4+ molecules on their surface. Our body fights back the HIV infections producing another 2 billion cells to replace the infected ones stabilizing the T-cells count temporarily. Yet from day one, the T-cells fight a losing battle. Although HIV target T-cells and other cells in the body, HIV thrives mainly in the lymph nodes and the other immune parts of our body.

The right answer is Human Immunodeficiency Virus

HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system. ... AIDS refers to a set of symptoms and illnesses that occur at the very final stage of HIV infection. ... HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system, which is our body’s natural defence against illness

The right answer is Acquired

Acquired heart disease is heart disease that develops after birth. There are several types of congenital heart disease. Example is AIDS and Amebiasis.

The right answer is Immunity

immunity is the balanced state of multicellular organisms having adequate biological defenses to fight infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion, while having adequate tolerance to avoid allergy, and autoimmune disease

The right answer is World Health Organisation

The World Health Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health. It was established on 7 April 1948, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.

The right answer is Hydrophobia

Rabies is a viral disease that causes inflammation of the brain in humans and other mammals. Early symptoms can include fever and tingling at the site of exposure

The right answer is Bacille Calmette Guerin.

An effective immunization against tuberculosis. BCG stands for Bacille Calmette Guerin. BCG is a weakened (attenuated) version of a bacteria called Mycobacterium bovis which is closely related to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the agent responsible for tuberculosis.

The right answer is

The right answer is

The right answer is

Disease Pathogen

1. Kala-azar protozoan-P

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar, black fever, and Dumdum fever, is the most severe form of leishmaniasis and, without proper diagnosis and treatment, is associated with high fatality.

2. SARS Viral-V

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory disease of zoonotic origin caused by the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV).

3. Acne bacterial-B

Acne vulgaris, also known as acne, is a long-term skin disease that occurs when hair follicles are clogged with dead skin cells and oil from the skin.

4. Rabies Viral- V

Rabies is a viral disease that spreads through the bite of an infected animal.

5. H₁N₁ bacterial-B

H1N1 flu is also known as swine flu. It's called swine flu because in the past, the people who caught it had direct contact with pigs. Manifestations of H1N1 influenza are similar to those of seasonal influenza. Patients present with symptoms of acute respiratory illness.

The right answer is

According to the WHO, Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease. The important traits of healthy person are: They are more efficient at work. They are physically, emotionally and mentally strong.

They are more efficient at work.

They are physically, emotionally and mentally strong.

They have positive feeling about themselves and others.

It is said “Health is wealth”. If health is lost, everything is lost. If health is i’ lost, the capacity to work is lost. Inability to work leads to poverty and misery. On the other hand, if we have health we are able to work and this, in turn, adds to our wealth. Therefore good health is one of the basic foundations on which our lives are built. For the common man, health is merely an absence of sickness and ailments. This view is narrow and one-sided. The term ‘health’ is much more comprehensive. Good health is the state of all-round physical, social and mental well being of a person, which enables him to live and work normally and to resist the negative impact of his environment.

Personal and community issues affect health slowly. It has stages to affect an individual

1st stage - we will be happier than ever and we think that we got everything.

2nd stage - Due to happiness a hormone is released in our body that makes us vibrant. Lack of sleep and due to oversleeping our body stores fats that cannot be converted into energy.

3rd stage - you're addicted to this habit and u start following it want to secure it but it’s too late to secure becoz ur body continuously creates hormones and your body is also addicted to it.

Last stage - you feel depressed and think more that affects your mind and your behaviour will change completely.

Healthy and Disease Free are basic states of normal humans. A healthy person can be disease free, but a disease free person cannot be a healthy person; i.e. healthy is a state of an individual, who is physically, mentally, emotionally and physiological well in their lifestyles. While, Disease-free is a state of the body, which merely implies freedom from diseases.

Healthy is a state wherein a person is fit and fine from all aspects, including all his physical, mental, psychological and emotional state. Being healthy refers to being free from any diseases. But, being diseases free does not refer to be healthy, i.e. a person who is disease free does not have any diseases but, they might not be stable from inside as that of a healthy person.

Distinguish between symptoms and signs of disease

Signs are the physical manifestation of the illness, injury or disease. It is objective, which means that it can be seen and measured, usually by a doctor or a nurse. Symptoms, on the other hand, are things that can only be felt by the patient. These are the things that a patient experiences about the illness, injury or disease. These must be described to the doctor, in order for him or her to diagnose the patient.

Acute conditions are severe and sudden in onset. This could describe anything from a broken bone to an asthma attack. A chronic condition, by contrast is a long-developing syndrome, such as osteoporosis or asthma. Note that osteoporosis, a chronic condition, may cause a broken bone, an acute condition.

These diseases involve temporary or permanent damage to the body and include all the other categories except mental disease where there is no sign of physical damage to the brain. An example would be leprosy.

Pathogens - They are organisms living in or on our bodies, causing disease. Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, protoctists, worms and insects, which can be transmitted from person to person. This may be via normal social contact - for example, chicken pox, or via food and water, sexual contact or an animal bite. Carriers are people who can transmit the pathogen but do not have the disease symptoms.

Non-infectious diseases - These are all diseases, which are not caused by pathogens and cannot be passed on by physical contact. An example would be sickle cell anaemia.

Deficiency diseases - These are nutritional diseases caused by an inadequate or unbalanced diet. One or more essential nutrient is missing or in short supply - for example, a shortage of Vitamin C causes scurvy.

Question 8.

Describe various categories of diseases.

Answer:

Infectious disease, Hereditary disease, Genetic disease and Chromosomal disease.

Question 9.

Briefly describe (a) Infectious agents; (b) Means of transmission of disease.

Answer:

(a) An infectious agent is something that infiltrates another living thing, like you. When an infectious agent hitches a ride, you have officially become an infected host. There are four main classes of infectious agents: bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.

(b) Infectious diseases are transmitted from person to person by direct or indirect contact. Certain types of viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi can all cause infectious disease. Malaria, measles, and respiratory illnesses are examples of infectious diseases.

Question 10.

Discuss (a) Principles of treatment ; (b) Vaccination

Answer:

To reduce the symptoms of disease.

To remove the cause of disease

To prevent the cause of disease

To prevent the spread of disease

To make the patient healthy again by helping him to overcome the effects of the diseases like weakness etc

(b) A vaccine is a product that produces immunity from a disease and can be administered through needle injections, by mouth, or by aerosol. A vaccination is the injection of a killed or weakened organism that produces immunity in the body against that organism.

An immunization is the process by which a person or animal becomes protected from a disease. Vaccines cause immunization, and there are also some diseases that cause immunization after an individual recovers from the disease.

Question 11.

Why does dehydration set in during diarrhoea? How can the former be prevented.

Answer:

A prolonged bout of diarrhea or vomiting can cause the body to lose more fluid than it can take in. The result is dehydration, which occurs when your body doesn't have the fluid it needs to function properly. Severe dehydration can cause your kidneys to shut down. Though some types of diarrhea, such as those due to other medical conditions, are unavoidable, infectious diarrhea can be prevented. The most important way to avoid diarrhea is to avoid coming into contact with infectious agents that can cause it. This means that good hand washing and hygiene are very important.

---

Iii. Multiple Choice Questions

Iv. Oral Questions

V. Quiz

Vi. Answer The Following Questions

Answer:

The following are the two difference between personal health

Questions Based On Ncert Question Bank (exemplar Problems)