Improvements In Food Resources

The given statement is False. The Jersey was bred on the British Channel Island of Jersey. jersey's produce about 20 kilos of milk per day. They have an average butterfat content of about 5%.

The given statement is True. The Mehsana is a dairy breed of buffalo found in Mehsana, Sabarkantha and Banaskantha districts in Gujarat and adjoining Maharashtra state.

The given statement is False. Rinderpest was an infectious viral disease of cattle, domestic buffalo

The given statement is False.This breed is otherwise called as Red Karachi and Sindhi and Mahi.

The given statement is False. The process of introducing new plants from their growing place to a new region with a different climate is termed as plant introduction

The given statement is False. The process of an animal or plant breeding with an individual of another species or variety.

The given statement is True. It is the variety of basmati. rice in India

The given statement is True. The pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) is a perennial legume from the family Fabaceae. K850 is a plant improved variety of chickpea

The given statement is True. HD 2687(Shreshtha) is a wheat variety suitable for timely sown and irrigated conditions. It gives an average yield of 46-50 qtls/ha.

The given statement is False. Organic farming is a method of crop and livestock production that does not involve use pesticides, fertilizers, genetically modified organisms, antibiotics and growth hormones. It is a holistic system designed to optimize the productivity and fitness of diverse communities within the agro-ecosystem, including soil organisms, plants, livestock and people

The given statement is False. Japan has the largest share of rice pesticides in world. The Philippines has a small share of the total pesticide market

The given statement is True. Awareness to use organic food is very high in developed societies. The food counters are boldly displaying the tags/brands to claim organically grown food articles. Organic status of the food make sure that they sell residue free food.

The given statement is False. Plants must obtain the following mineral nutrients from their growing medium that includes:

● the macronutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), magnesium (Mg)

● the micronutrients (or trace minerals): boron (B), chlorine (Cl), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni). and cobalt (Co)

The given statement is True. Weed control is the botanical component of pest control, which attempts to stop weeds, especially noxious or injurious weeds, from competing with domesticated plants and livestock.

The given statement is True. The Sussex, a very old English breed, is a beautiful bird that will lay around 260 to 280 eggs each year.

The given statement is True. Mixed cropping is growing of two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land. It is also known as multiple cropping. The examples are Soybean + Pigeon pea, Maize + urad dal (Black gram),

Pigeon pea + Mung dal (Green gram).

The given statement is True. Aphids are soft-bodied insects that use their piercing sucking mouthparts to feed on plant sap. They are common pest on many plants, these sap-sucking insects are often noticed feeding in clusters on new plant growth.

The given statement is True. Worm castings are an organic form of fertilizer produced from earthworms. Organic worm castings are excellent for plants. They contain all the essential nutrients that plants need in addition to enriching the soil in which the plants are grown.

Humans were made to eat meat and vegetables. It is natural for humans to eat meat, just as natural as it is for us to eat vegetables and fruits. Our eating of meat helps to control over-population, it keeps the food chain balanced, and it is just a natural thing to do. Humans have always eaten both meat and vegetables Yes, the world has been doing it for thousands of years. Now, I understand that meat consumption and the quantity you eat could have both a positive or negative affect for different people. But it’s all across the board. There isn’t any one rule on meat consumption that fits everyone, so it depends upon person to person. Eating a reasonable amount of meat two or three times a week is not "bad" for the human body.

The aim of poultry farming is to raise domestic fowls to produce eggs and chicken. For this, the fowls are given animal feeds in the form of roughage, which mainly consists of fibres. Thus, by feeding animals a fibre rich diet (along with adequate fat), the poultry gives highly nutritious animal protein food in the form of eggs and chicken. In India, it is the only reared animal that is able to provide large amounts of protein rich food with a low fibre food diet.

The most important goals of post-harvest handling are keeping the product cool, to avoid moisture loss and slow down undesirable chemical changes, and avoiding physical damage such as bruising, to delay spoilage. Sanitation is also an important factor, to reduce the possibility of pathogens that could be carried by fresh produce, for example, as residue from contaminated washing water.

After the field, post-harvest processing is usually continued in a packing house. This can be a simple shed, providing shade and running water, or a large-scale, sophisticated, mechanised facility, with conveyor belts, automated sorting and packing stations, walk-in coolers and the like. In mechanised harvesting, processing may also begin as part of the actual harvest process, with initial cleaning and sorting performed by the harvesting machinery.

Initial post-harvest storage conditions are critical to maintaining quality. Each crop has an optimum range of storage temperature and humidity. Also, certain crops cannot be effectively stored together, as unwanted chemical interactions can result. Various methods of high-speed cooling, and sophisticated refrigerated and atmosphere-controlled environments, are employed to prolong freshness, particularly in large-scale operations for perishable food grains.

Negative environmental impacts from unsustainable farming practices are:

● Land conversion & habitat loss

● Wasteful water consumption

● Soil erosion and degradation

● Pollution

● Climate change

● Genetic erosion

● The different types of bees and their identification is

● Bumble bees, euglossa, euglossini, honey bees and stingless bees

● Bumblebees (Bombini) and carpenter bees.

The different type of crop pest and their related infection is as below

● Life cycle of the black rot pathogen, Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campes.

● Powdery mildew, a biotrophic fungus.

● Rice blast, caused by a necrotrophic fungus.

● Crown gall disease caused by Agrobacterium.

● Vitis vinifera.

● Tobacco mosaic virus.

● Root-knot nematode galls.

● Orchid leaves with viral infections.

Hand milking is one of the methods used to collect milk from the milch animals in nearby dairy farms that are small in size and have fewer milk animals. The practice is used on a small and medium level. Farmers sell milk and earn additional income. On large scale it is done using the machines. Large scale dairy farming is only viable where either a large amount of milk is required for production of more durable dairy products such as cheese, butter, etc. or there is a substantial market of people with cash to buy milk, but no cows of their own. Large scale dairy farm is organised and has higher production levels.

The different kind of poultry birds that are available in India are:

1. Gallus gallus and Gallus bankiva (the Red Jungle fowl)

2. Gallus lafayetti (the Ceylon Jungle fowl)

3. Gallus sonnerati (the Grey Jungle fowl)

4. Gallus varius (the Javan Junglefowl)

Surface fish - Surface fish are fish which search feed at the pond surface and not on the bottom. Therefore you see these fish species swim better, moreover they do not make a mess of your pond. However, they need additional protection against a threatening calamity like a hungry heron or cat.

Eye-catching fish - Fish in natural water often have a camouflage, which protects them against herons and different enemies. In a pond you should rather introduce fish with an eye-catching colour. After all you want to see your fish. Protection can be applied in many different ways.

Quickly propagating fish - A pond can accommodate just a limited number of fish, without it getting into trouble with the biological cycle. If there are too many or too large fish in a pond, the pond plants and the filter can no longer cope with the amount of waste materials and the pond will get turbid than. So, it is important to choose fish which do not grow too fast and which do not get hundreds of young ones per annum.

Ingredients used in fish feed commonly include; Marine ingredients such as fishmeal and fish oil from wild-caught fish and marine trimmings sources.,fishmeal, Fish oil, Land-animal protein and oil ingredients, Vegetable protein and oil ingredients, Vitamins and minerals and Astaxanthin.

The factors affecting the number and capacity of the fleet are magnitude of fish stocks, and fishing power of the vessels, profitability of each type of fleet and, in certain cases, the size of fishing gear.

The different techniques for the removal of weeds are:

Digging out plants: Plants with bulbs, tubers and corms must be completely removed from the soil by digging out. Often these plants will reproduce from broken off pieces.

Crowning: This technique is useful for weeds such as asparagus fern, which have their growing points below the surface of the soil. (corms, rhizomes or tufted fibrous root systems).

Hand pulling: This requires holding the plant stem as close as possible to the base of the plant. Gently tug the plant. This will loosen the soil and allow the plant to come free. The plant may be hung up off the ground or piled in a heap.

Winding up: This process is suitable for plants with surface or climbing runners such as Morning glory.

Foliar Spraying: Foliar sprayingis a complementary or alternative method to some hand removal techniques. It is used in large areas of weed infestations that have a small native component or small dense areas of weeds with no natives. There are three different spraying techniques.

Cut, Scrape and Paint (Cut Stump):This process is suitable for coppicing and suckering weeds such as Camphor and Privet, or any weeds which are too large for hand-pulling or have long taproots such as Ochna. This method provides for no soil disturbance and weed eradication is successful.

Types of insect control that are used for insect prevention can be categorised into

● Cultural

● Mechanical/Physical

● Biological

● Genetic

● Chemical

Mechanical/ Physical method

This includes the simple fly swat, fly screen and mosquito nets, light traps ('zappers'), exclusion methods such as packaging and sealing . It also includes drainage against mosquitoes and removal of bushes against tsetse flies.

Biological Method

This includes the application of available predators, parasites or diseases, either natural, introduced or commercially available.e.g. Introduction of spray applications of bacterial diseases against caterpillars.

Genetic method

This includes male sterilisation techniques, selective breeding and genetic modification.

Male sterilisation techniques involve the mass rearing of a pest, laboratory sterilisation of males and their release into the wild with the purpose of swamping the wild male population leading to infertile egg laying.

Chemical Method

Chemical control includes Antifeedants - prevent an insect from feeding and it starves, Anti Oviposition chemicals - females won't lay eggs and repellents - e.g. personal fly repellents

(a) Poultry: Turkey, Fowl They come under poultry and are raised for eggs and meat.

(b) Livestock: Cows, Buffaloes. They come under cattles and milch animals . They are raised for milk.

(c) Fishery: Prawns, Crabs. They come under fishery. They are reared for sea food and seeds.

Fertilizers are nutrient specific and provide specific nutrient to the soil required by the crop plant.

The crop of peas would require a minimum quantity of NPK or urea because pea is a dicot and its roots contain nitrogen fixing bacteria in root nodules.

Drip irrigation. It is the method where maximum utilization of water is done during irrigation of crop plants.

(a) The field shows intercropping of maize and soybean crops.

(b) The advantages of intercropping are as follows:

(i) Intercropping increases the productivity of crops per unit area.

(ii) Intercropping helps maintain soil fertility and makes better use of resources.

(a) These are different castes of honey bee found in a beehive.

(b) Figure 1 shows the queen bee.

(c) Figure 2 is a haploid and fertile male bee. It is called a drone bee

(d) The status of the honey bee is a social as it lives in colonies.

To get the maximum benefit from a crop field, we should

(i) maintain the soil fertility through judicious use of manure and fertilizers.

(ii) practice crop rotation.

(iii) Timely irrigation should be done at right time.

(iv) Keep the weeds and insect pest population under control.

Some microorganisms such as nitrogen fixing bacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi and other microflora live and develop near the roots of plant inside soil. They convert nitrogen of the air into nitrogenous compounds (ammonia and nitrate) which serve as plant nutrients. Since these microorganisms enrich the soil with nutrients and improve soil fertility, hence also collectively known as biofertilizers.

The ever increasing human population and the resultant decrease in agricultural land has compelled human beings to move towards animal husbandry to obtain food from animal sources. The last few decades have seen enormous rise in animal meat production and byproducts. Poultry, fisheries, piggery, cattle, sheep and goat farming have developed considerably. milk and egg production have registered a record increase. It is adding to the income of the farmers and helps in providing the supply to the urban areas.

Bee hive is made up of wax which is secreted from the wax glands present in the abdomen of worker bees. The hexagonal shape of the cells cover maximum

The animals eat plant and animal products for their survival and are thus heterotrophic in nature.

The important and most abundant source of food and fodder for man and animals is cereal. It provides major source of nutrients like carbohydrates and protein.

When nitrogenous manure is applied to plant plants grow at high rate and have high yield also.

Plants require Nitrogen as one of major micronutrients for their growth and

Grams have nitrogen fixing bacteria. This crop plant is grown with main crop so that the essential supply of nitrogen is provided to the soil.

Inland fisheries are freshwater fisheries and are major source of income to small farmers.

This method makes them resistant to diseases as their counterparts have high level of resistance to diseases.

Hybridization enables to get the best features in next progeny from two species and helps to attain disease resistant plants with maximum output.

Milk is a complete food in itself. However it does not contains iron.

Fertilizers are water soluble and that is the reason their nutrients are readily absorbed by the plants.

Leaching is not possible in case of manure as it is a bulky substance and nutrients take time to get absorbed to soil.

The method of mixed farming enables a farmer to incur profits. It is a common practice in farming. It provides economic safety to farmers.

Bio fertilizers are made of living organisms like earthworms. They are pollution free and have no chemicals.

The main cereal crop rice is grown in maximum parts of India. Both the exotic and indigenous breeds are grown in India.

Rice pest Gundhi bug eats away the sap of the rice plant and destroys it.

Sustainable agriculture involves all the available methods of cropping at the right time and right place. It is meant to get maximum yield and save plants from diseases. It is also beneficial to our environment.

All the above mentioned vegetable like broccoli, Cauliflower and Cabbage have been artificially selected and bred for maximum yield.

Mustard has been hybridized to get the HYV and qualities like disease resistance. The plant varieties are grown in many countries.

Sheep is not a draught animal and is raised for meat and wool.

The common availability of green fodder in winters leads to high yield of milk. It comes from berseem and lucerne.

Boron being a micronutrient is required in small quantities by the plant for its growth.

Sahiwal is an indigenous breed of cow. It is disease resistant.

Lazzaro Spallanzani was an Italian Catholic priest, biologist and physiologist who first did artificical insemination on dog.

It is the Highest milk yielding variety. It is an exotic breed and originate from Dutch province of North Holland and Friesland.

Buffalo pulse rate is 40 - 60 per minute and it is one of the signs of good health.

HH-260 has the maximum capacity to lay eggs. It lays 260 eggs annually.

Catla is the fastest growing carp and is south asian freshwater fish.

Methyl bromide is a fumigant used against a wide variety of pests including spiders, mites, fungi, plants, insects, nematodes, and rodents. Farmers use methyl bromide primarily to treat soil to kill nematodes, fungi, and weeds.

Natural insecticides are less expensive than buying and applying pesticides, and it's safer for your garden, your family, the natural wildlife and the environment. Natural insecticides, such as nicotine, pyrethrum and neem extracts, made by plants as defenses against insects.

Broadleaf weeds can be tough, aggressive plants and should be removed using weedicides or manual pulling.

All the above statement are true. White revolution refers to increase in milk production, Blue revolution means increase in fish production and sustainable agriculture is food production with compromising with environment quality.

All of the above statement are true. To solve any food problem we should have enough food production, we should have facilities for proper storage and people should be have monetary capacity to buy food grains.

SUnflower is a crop plant that is grown commercially to produce oil. Sunflower oil is primarily used in cooking.

Gram is a major source of protein.

Weeds affect the crop plants by taking up the space nutrients and light of the main crop. They also harm or kill the main crop.

Introducing genes of desired characters into a plant gives genetically modified crop and introducing genes of desired characters into a plant gives genetically modified crop.

Apis mellifera ligustica is the Italian bee which is a subspecies of the western honey bee.

Manure contains large quantities of organic matter and small quantities of nutrients and it helps in draining out of excess of water from clayey soil.

Cattle is used for many things like milk production, agricultural work and meat production.

Bos indicus and Bos bubalis are the names of Indian cattle.

Poultry birds are reared to get meat and eggs.

Poultry birds get infected through many viral bacterial or fungal diseases. This

Mrigala is surface feeder and it takes its food from the air/water interface, or feeds just below the water surface.

Animal husbandry is systematic management of keeping breeding and rearing animals for meat milk or eggs.

All the fertilizers either contain on of the nutrients from Nitrogen, Phosphorus or Potassium or all the nutrients depending upon the requirement of the crop plants. Iron is not provided by the fertilizers.

Grain storage is a continuous process and is organised. It is the mix and match of all the techniques. THerefore cleaning , disjoining and fumigation are part of the process of grain storage.

(a) Vegetable

Vegetables are the main source of vitamins.

(b) Kharif crops rice.

The right answer is kharif Crops and example is rice.

(c) Rabi

The example is wheat

(d) Protein

Pigeon pea crop is one of the major source of protein.

(e) Fodder

It is a crop that is specially grown to cater to the needs of the animals fodder.

These are the different varities of fish that are farmed at different levels in a natural pond or in a artificial water reservoirs.

GM or genetically modified crop is the in which has been developed through introduction of some specific desired genes from other external sources, i.g., insect resistant Bt cotton (being grown in India). Vitamin A rich Golden rice.

Some of the useful traits of the improved crops are:

(i) Higher yielding plants;

(ii) Improved quality;

(iii) Resistance to biotic and abiotic factors;

(iv) Change in maturity;

(v) Wider adaptability;

(vi) Desirable agronomic traits.

Organic matter forms humus. It is essential for crop production because it makes the soil fertile. Organic matter has the following advantages;

(i) It improves soil structure by forming soil crumbs.

(ii) It increases water holding capacity of sandy soils.

(iii) It improves aeration of clayey soils.

(iv) During its decomposition, it liberates minerals (inorganic molecules) which enrich the soil.

(v) Biochemicals present in decaying organic matter improve growth of crop plants.

Use of excess fertilizers tend to cause:

(i) Mineral loading in underground water.

(ii) Excess of minerals in the crop plants.

(iii) Salinization and aridity of soil.

(iv) Runoff from fertilizers rich soil, will cause eutrophication of water bodies and harm to water organisms.

(a) Organic farming

It is practised to reduce the ill effects of chemicals on the environment and crops. It is also beneficial for the environment.

(b) Mixed cropping

It is done in groundnut and wheat to enhance the crop production. it also ensures crop safety against failure.

(c) Intercropping

Intercropping of soybean and maize leads to increase in crop production.

(d) Crop rotation

It is also one of the methods to improve the crop yield.

(e) Weeds

They are unwanted plants that compete with the main plant for food sunlight and water. They sometimes destroy the main plant.

(f) Pathogens

Pathogens are disease causing organisms in animals and birds. They make the animals and birds and also kill them

(a) Milch Milk producing female

Millk producing females are referred as milch animals.

(b) Sahiwal, Red Local breed of cattle

It is a local breed of cattle and has good disease resisitance and milk producing capacity than others.

(c) Cattle used for Tilling and carting

Apart from milk, cattle is also used for tilling and carting like a drought animal

(d) Indian breed of chicken Aseel

Aseel is an Indian breed of chicken and has good tolderance against diseases.

(e) Chicken better fed for meat Broiler Sindhi

Broiler is reared for meat on commercial level.

The following measures will be taken for better cropping

(i) Reduce tilling;

(ii) Enrich soil with humus which will increase its water holding capacity;

(iii) Use of drought resistant and early maturing varieties of crop plants.

The following match is as follows:

(i) Energy yielding crop: Wheat, Rice, Maize, Oat.

Wheat, rice Maize and Oats are cereals and are good source of carbohydrate.

(ii) Protein yielding crop: Gram, Pigeon gram, Lentil.

Legumes also known as pulses are rich source of protein.

(iii) Oil yielding crop: Groundnut, Castor, Soybean Mustard.

Mustard, sunflower, Groudnut, Soybean and castor are oil producing seeds and are grown commercialy.

(iv) Fodder crop: Berseem, Oat , Sudan grass.

The fodder crops are grown for the production of fodder for animas.

Hybridisation - It is crossing of two (or more) types of individuals with different useful traits in order to bring them together in the progeny and obtain desired results.

Photoperiod - It is the duration of daylight/ sunlight that influences plants and other organisms in their growth, reproduction and maturation.

(a) Flowering

It is the duration of light that also enhances the crop production and is very important for the plant growth.

(b) June to October

Kharif crops require abundant and continuous quantity of water supply for germination. As June to october is the time for monsoon so the water supply remains available to farmers.

(c) November to April

Rabi crops require moderate or less amount of water for their growth. Therefore they are grown in the autumn and winter season.

(d) Kharif

The crops like Paddy, Maize and grams require abundant water and are called as Kharif crops

(e) Rabi

Wheat, mustard and pea require less water and are known as Rabi crops.

All crops do not grow under similar conditions. few require high temperature, few low temperature, few longer duration of sunlight, shorter duration of sunlight, more humidity, low humidity, moderate humidity, loam soil, sandy soil, etc. Apple cannot be in grown in plains because it requires several days of low temperature and plains generally have high temperature periods. In plains, there are two major seasons of crop plants: Kharif (rainy season) and rabi (winter season).

(a) 16

Thes are termed as micro and macro nutrients.

(b) Oxygen and Light

These two nutrients are essential for the plants for their growth.

(c) Hydrogen

It issupplied in soluble form to plants through their roots

(d) 13

13 nutrients are provided by plants through soil. They are majorly nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulfur.

(e) 6, Macronutrients

They are required in large quantities by plants.

(f) 7, Micronutrients

They are required in small quantities by plants for their growth.

Compost

1. It is prepared from all types of organic remains-garbage, sewage, sludge, animal refuse, farm waste, straw, uprooted weeds, etc.

2.Organic remains are decomposed by released enzymes of the microorganisms.

3. It takes 3 to 6 months to prepare.

Vermicompost

1. It is prepared from domestic waste, vegetable waste, uprooted weeds and farm refuse.

2. Organic remains are fed by earthworms and in pulverized state.

3. It takes 1 to 2 months to prepare and then is used in farms.

The correct sequence is

(a) Green plants are cultivated for preparing manure or crop plants are used.

(b) plants are ploughed and mixed in soil.

(c) Green plants are decomposed in soil.

(d) After decomposition, it becomes green manure.

The western honey bee or European honey bee (Apis mellifera) is the most common of the 7-12 species of honey bee.

Western honey bee workers are responsible for building the cells in which queens place their eggs. Once each egg hatches into larva, young workers feed them until, after several molts and a week of feeding; the larvae enter the pupal stage and then emerge as adults. The colony of Western honey bees could contain around 30,000 to 80,000 bees, including the queen, drones and workers. Western honey bee queens are the only reproductive females in colonies, and are the mothers of all workers, drones and the next generation of queens. Queens can produce up to 2,000 eggs daily.

In agriculture, higher yield can be achieved through higher yielding varieties, improved farming practices, modern technology, latest agricultural machines and implements, nutrient supply and continuous research etc. All these require high cost and knowledge of new techniques and improvements. Therefore, a farmer’s purchasing capacity for inputs determines the cropping system and production output.

When a plant or animal is bred with a plant or animal from different stock, the process is known as hybridization. There are numerous reasons to create hybrids, including increasing genetic diversity and breeding for specific traits. It is frequently practiced in agriculture, to make stronger, healthier plants with desirable characteristics.

(i) Vermicompost.

It is a manure rich pulverized organic matter and worm castings. Vermicompost is formed by the activity of earthworms on organic remains.

(ii) Green Manure.

It is type of manure consisting of growing plants that are ploughed back into the soil.

(iii) Biofertilizers.

They are made up of living cells or latent cells of efficient strains of microorganisms that help crop plants' uptake of nutrients by their interactions in the rhizosphere when applied through seed or soil.

The 5 general categories of weed control are:

● Preventative Weed Control

● Cultural Weed Control

● Mechanical Weed Control

● Biological Weed Control

● Chemical Weed Control

Preventative Weed Control

Preventative weed control refers to any control method that aims to prevent weeds from being established in a cultivated crop, a pasture, or a greenhouse. THe different methods used are

Cultural weed control - It refers to any technique that involves maintaining field conditions such that weeds are less likely to become established and/or increase in number. Examples of cultural weed control would be crop rotation, avoiding overgrazing of pastures or rangeland, using well-adapted competitive forage species, and maintaining good soil fertility.

Mechanical weed control - It refers to any technique that involves the use of farm equipment to control weeds. The two mechanical control techniques most often used are tillage and mowing.

Biological weed control- It refers to any technique that involves the use of natural enemies of weed plants to control the germination of weed seeds or the spread of established plants. This is a rapidly expanding area of weed control with many examples. Examples of biological weed control include sheep to control tansy ragwort or leafy spurge, cinnabar moth and the tansy flea beetle to control tansy ragwort, the chrysolina beetle to control St. John's Wort, and the use of goats to control brush on rangeland.

Chemical weed control - It refers to any technique that involves the application of a chemical (herbicide) to weeds or soil to control the germination or growth of the weed species. In economic terms, chemical control of weeds is a very large industry and there are scores of examples of chemical weed control products. Common examples of chemicals used to control weeds in forages are 2,4-DB; EPTC; bromoxynil; and paraquat.

(i) Differences between Mixed cropping and Intercropping.

Mixed cropping

The main object is to utilize the space left between two rows of main crop. More emphasis is given to the main crop or to get at least one crop under favorable conditions.There is no competition between both crops

Intercropping

All crops are cared equally. There is competition between all crops growing.

(ii) Differences between Capture fishery and Culture fishery.

Culture fishing

It is the method in which fishes are captured by man made ponds.

Capture fishing

is the method in which fishes are captured directly from natural resources.

(iii) Difference between Beekeeping and poultry farming.

Bee Keeping

1. It is the practice of rearing, care and management of honey bees.

2. It provides honey, bee wax and related products.

3. Bees obtain their food from flowers.

Poultry Farming

1, It is the practice of raising domestic fowl.

2. It provides egg and meat and fur.

3. Poultry birds are given feed by their reares.

Fish culture merits.

1. Economically important desired fishes are made available.

2. A large number of fishes are raised in a small area.

3. Fishes are made to breed in different seasons.

4. There is a little mortality in the younger stages of the fishes.

5. Through selective hybridization, yield and quality of fishes are improved.

Fish culture demerits.

1. Only some selected high yielding and economically important breeds are reared.

2.Fish culture is a threat to biodiversity, since other forms of aquatic organisms are being ignored. Even natural waters are being seeded with economically important fishes; this too is affecting the natural biodiversity of the water bodies.

The Composite fish culture system is a technology developed in India by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research in the 1970s. In this system both local and imported fish species, a combination of five or six fish species is used in a single fishpond.

Bee-keeping should be done in a good pasturage as the quality and quantity of honey depends on the flora of the pasturage available for nectar and pollen collection.

The insects damage stems phloem cells and also affect plants body parts like roots stem,leaves and also immune system and also damage transporting tissues.

Pesticides are very toxic substances, they should not be used indiscriminately. Only very accurate dose should be applied at appropriate time. Even slight excess of the pesticides is extremely harmful.

(i) Pesticides are harmful to soil biota. Therefore, they reduce soil fertility.

(ii) They pass into groundwater and make it toxic.

(iii) They enter the crop plants and make their products (leaves, stem, flowers, fruits and seeds) toxic.

(iv) Pesticides pass into surface water through runoff from sprayed fields and harm the aquatic life.

Fodder and forage.

Fodder - It keeps the animal healthy. It aids in digestion and keeps the nutrients in its fresh form.

Forage - It provides dilute form of feed to animals. It provides selective nutrient to the animal. It is very economical as it is home grown.

Larger sized birds require more feed. Summer adaptation is connected with egg laying. Little summer adaptation reduces egg laying. In order to get small sized poultry birds having summer adaptability, it is desirable to (i) Either introduce the required exotic birds from outside; and (ii) Cross bred the local birds with exotic birds from outside. Small sized poultry birds are preferred for (a) Lower requirement of feed; (b) Higher egg laying capacity; (c) Lower requirement for space.

The preventive measures of the diseases are

i. Make a schedule for cleaning.

ii. Give your birds daily check-ups.

iii. Feed your birds quality feed.

iv. Let birds free range around the yard!

v. Vaccinate poultry birds regularly.

(i) Sudden increase - Chemical fertilizer supplies the minerals immediately in good quantity.

Gradual decrease - It is due to depletion of nutrients caused by absorption by plants, leaching to lower layer of the soil and killing of decomposer microorganisms present in the soil.

(ii) Manures decompose slowly so that release of minerals is also delayed. Manures take time to mix up with the soil and form crumbs, that increase water holding and aeration of the soil.

(iii) The difference in the two graphs indicates that manuring the soil of crop fields is more beneficial than the use of chemical fertilizers. Use of chemical fertilizers is harmful in the longer run for the crop and environment.

Stem rust (also known as black stem rust)

It is caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici. It is primarily a disease on wheat

Fungal

Rice blast is caused by one of the most devastating agricultural pathogens in the world, a fungus called Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr anamorph.

Weedicides

They are the chemicals which are sprayed over field to get rid of weeds. They will not show any effect on crop plants. Two popularly used weedicides are 2,4-D Ethyl ester, Neem extract, Glyphosate etc.

toxic

Pesticides are the only toxic substances released intentionally into our environment to kill living things. This includes substances that kill weeds (herbicides), insects (insecticides), fungus (fungicides), rodents (rodenticides), and others.

Weeds

They are unwanted plants that grow with the main crop and also compete for the nutrients, space and sunlight with the main crop plant.

Biological control

It is a method of controlling pests such as insects, mites, weeds and plant diseases using other organisms. It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory or other natural mechanisms for their nutrition.

Compost / Manure

It is rich in nutrients. It is used in gardens, landscaping, horticulture and agriculture.

Mustard plant

Aphid is a lice that destroys the mustard plant and sucks its nectar.

Humid and Warm

Climate factors that aid in pest and disease invasions are mostly temperature related and include increasing average temperatures, warmer winter minimum temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, and water shortages.

Intercropping

It helps in growing two crops in definite pattern at same time and also add to profitability.

Mixed cropping.

The successive planting of different crops simultaneously on the same land to maintain soil fertility and help control insects and diseases .

White Leghorn

It is a breed of chicken originating in Tuscany, in central Italy. White Leghorns are commonly used as layer chickens in many countries of the world.

Catla

It also known as the major carp, is an economically important South Asian freshwater fish. It is commonly found in rivers and lakes in northern India, Nepal, Myanmar, Bangladesh, and Pakistan.

Asil or Aseel

It is a breed of famous rooster (chicken) originating from South Punjab / Sindh area of Pakistan and India.

Rice

The Kasturi Basmati Rice is a high-yield potential, excellent milling quality rice. It is resistant to blast and has tolerance to stem border.

Maize

It is one of the best high yielding hybrid variety of Maize and is grown in northern and peninsular India.

Rice

It is the drought tolerant variety of rice in India.

Organic farming

Organic farming is sustainable form of farming and it aims at producing the crop without the use of chemicals. It uses chemical free natural methods for products.

Organic food

It is chemical free and high quality food in terms of nutrition and flavour. It passes through various quality check and then labelled as Organic Food.

Japan

Japan uses maximum pesticides as there is scarcity of arable land. They aim to protect their crops from any damage and maintain the high levels of crop production.

Cultural and Biological

Organic farming is an environmental friendly method of crop production. It does not use chemicals and rely on cultural and biological methods for crop production.

12 and 8

India has catchment area of 20000 km²and these major rivers play a very important role.

Water

Irrigation is very important phase of crop production as it involves providing right amount of water at right time to the crops. It helps in the germination of seeds.

Open wells

They are not very deep (generally 3 to 15 m). They have relatively large diameter (generally 1 to 5 m) and low yields (generally less than 30 m³/hr).

Tube wells

They are dug for water extraction at deep levels. They are generally 30 metres long and are covered.

Farmyard and compost

Organic manure are natural and made up of farmyard manure and compost manure. They are bulky however do not cause any pollution to the environment.

Earthworms

They play a major role in the composition of vermicompost. It generally contains red wigglers, white worms, and other earthworms.

Mixed cropping

It improves the productivity of the field and always two different crops are grown so that their nutrient requirement is different. It reduces the risk of crop failure.

Outcrossing or outbreeding

It is the practice of introducing unrelated genetic material into a breeding line. It increases genetic diversity and helps to get better progeny with desired features.

Apiculture

Apiculture is management of beekeeping and it involves the best techniques for the maximum output of honey and its product.

Apiculture is rearing of bees for honey and other products

Maize

It is one of the hybrid variety of maize in India.

True

The right combination of Column I &Column II are:

1. Green manure Cluster bean (guar)

It is one of the varieties of manure for used in crops.

2. Micronutrient Iron

It is one of the microutrients required by plants in traces.

3. Catla Carp

Catla Catla is a fresh water fish.

4. Kasturi Rice

It is one of the Indian basmati rice known for its quality and is exported abroad.

The composition of freshwater fish is

Indian Major Carp,Catla, Rohu and Mrigal,Silver Carp, Grass Carp and Common Carp.Competition is avoided between them by breeding them in different regions or zones of pond or water.

Broilers are chickens raised to produce meat.

Layers are chickens raised to produce eggs.

Weeds are unwanted plants that grow along with main crop plant. They take up space and nutrients meant for the main plant.

Boilogical method of weed control

1. Bioagent like insects, pathogen etc., and other animals are used to control weeds.

2. Insect and pathogens infest weeds and they either reduce growth or kill weeds.

3. Biological control method can reduce weeds but it is not possible to eradicate weeds.

Fertilizers is any material of natural or synthetic origin (other than liming materials) that is applied to soils or to plant tissues (usually leaves) to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants.

First, the presence or absence of microorganisms. Bio-organic fertilizer contains a variety of beneficial microorganisms inside, but all microorganisms in organic fertilizer after high temperature treatment substantially are killed, which is difficult to provide beneficial soil microbes.

Second, different nutrients. Organic fertilizer through high-temperature treatment, nutrient losses during treatment of high temperature.

Third, different odors. Organic fertilizer by drying, deodorizing effect of organic fertilizer is not ideal because of drying treatment. once organic fertilizer is damp, stench is issued. Bio-organic fertilizer fundamentally eliminate the odor, because it can turn uric acid into the urine bacterial protein.

Micronutrients

i) They are required in very small quantities.

(ii) They are involved in enzyme activity and electron transport.

Example - Iron, Zinc.

Macronutrients

i) They are required in large quantities.

(ii) They have no significant role in enzyme activity and electron transport.

Example - Nitrogen, Calcium

Plants get nutrients through air, water and soil.

Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.

Iron - Micronutrients.

Chlorine - Micronutrients.

Sulphur - Macronutrients.

Copper - Micronutrients.

Nitrogen- Macronutrients.

Calcium- Macronutrients.

Manganese- Micronutrients.

Potassium- Macronutrients.

Zinc- Micronutrients.

Magnesium- Macronutrients.

Molybdenum- Micronutrients.

Phosphorus- Macronutrients.

Advantages of manures are:

(i) Manures are natural fertilizers and do not cause pollution to environment.

(ii) Manures are bulky sources of organic matter which supply nutrients in small quantity and organic matter in large quantities.

Limitations of using manures are:

(i) Manures are not nutrient specific.

(ii) Manures are not able to fulfill the high and rapid demand of nutrients required by improved high-yielding hybrid varieties of crops.

Manure contains many organic substances of biological origin which can be easily degraded and absorbed by plants. It helps in recycling of biological waste. Manures increase the fertility of soil for long duration without causing any harm. However, the chemical fertilizers (e.g. urea) improve soil fertility for short duration but cause environmental hazard and pollution. Continuous use of fertilizers in a particular area / crop field causes destruction of soil fertility and makes it arid.

Advantages of fertilizer over manure:

(i) Fertilizers are very rich in plant nutrient whereas manure contains small amounts of essential plant nutrients.

(ii) Fertilizers are soluble in water whereas manure is not soluble in water.

During the downpour in a village, the rain water carried away excess of nitrogenous and other compounds present in the soil to a pond. Once the nutrients get absorbed in the pond water, it would acquire a high concentration of nitrates and phosphates which would result in the excessive growth of algae and phytoplankton in the pond.

Eutrophication is a process whereby water bodies, such as lakes or slow-moving streams receive excess nutrients that stimulate excessive plant growth (algae, phytoplankton and nuisance plants weeds). This enhanced plant growth is also termed as an algal bloom.

Example: During rains the nutrients from the fields are washed away and get accumulated in nearby water bodies.

The continuous use of chemical fertilizers in a particular area or crop field leads to loss of soil fertility.

There are three methods of fertilizer applications in practice:

(i) Broadcasting: Uniform distribution over the whole cropped field.

(ii) Placement: Application in bands or in pockets near the plants or plant rows.

(iii) Foliar application: Using low or high volume sprayers, the fertilizers are sprayed covering the plants.

Farmyard Manure - It is the decomposed mixture of cattle excreta, dung, urine, litter and plants leftover such as roughage and Fodder.

Compost Manure - It is prepared from farm and town refuge such as vegetable and animal refuse.

Manure - Manures are natural fertilizers. They are bulky sources of organic matter which supply nutrients in small quantities, and organic matter in large quantities. There are different types of manures: Farmyard manure (FYM), Compost, Green manures and Vermicompost.

Manures affect the soil in following three ways:

(i) Manures enrich the soil with nutrients. They replenish the general deficiency of nutrients in the soil. Since manure contains fewer nutrients they need to be used in large quantities.

(ii) Manures add organic matter (called humus) to the soil which restores the soil texture, for better retention of water and aeration of soil.

(iii) The organic matter in manures provides food for the soil organisms, (decomposers such as bacteria, fungi, etc. which help in providing nutrients to plants.

Green manuring is the practice which includes growing, mulching by ploughing and mixing of green crops with soil, to improve physical structure and soil fertility.

Example - Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea).

Fertilizers - Fertilizers are one of the major components for obtaining higher yields especially in expensive farming practices. Fertilizers are divided into following four groups:

(i) Nitrogenous fertilizers - These fertilizers supply the macronutrient nitrogen.

Example - Urea, CO(NH2)2

(ii) Potassic fertilizers - These fertilizers supply potassium which is one of the essential macronutrient of the plants.

Example - Potassium sulphate, K2SO4.

(iii) Complex fertilizers - These fertilizers contains two or more nutrients.

Example – Nitrophosphate

Biofertilizers - Organisms which enrich the soil with nutrients are called biofertilizers. Biofertilizers are used for the specific crop plants such as pulses, legumes, oil seeds and rice. They are renewable and non-pollutant sources of plant nutrient such as nitrogen.They do not cause pollution.

Nitrogen fixing microorganisms, i.e., non-symbiotic and symbiotic cyanobacteria and phosphate-solubilising microorganism are the main type of biofertilizers.

A legume crop does not require nitrogenous fertilizers because its roots have root nodules that have nitrogenous bacteria called Rhizobium. This bacteria fixes atmospheric nitrogen and the plants converts nitrogen into various nitrogenous compounds.

Irrigation is essential for the absorption of nutrient elements by the crop plants from the soil. The irrigation water tends to dissolve the nutrients present in the soil of a crop field to form a solution. This solution of nutrients is then absorbed by the roots of crops for the development of the plants. The absorption of nutrients help in the development of the crop plant.

Excessive irrigation causes water logging and increases surface salinity which leads to soil salinity and damage to crop plants.

Effects of excessive irrigation:

(i) It causes water logging.

(ii) It increases salinity in the soil.

(iii) The roots do not get proper aeration due to which they rot and die.

Water should be used judiciously because:

(i) It helps in the cultivation of crops.

(ii) In desert areas where there is scarcity of water, it is supplied through irrigation practices to prevent drought.

Advantages of irrigation:

(i) It is necessary to provide sufficient moisture for the germination of seeds.

(ii) Irrigation of crop plants is essential for the growth and elongation of roots of the crop plants.

(iii) It is necessary to increase the number of aerial branches in crop plants.

(iv)It is essential for the absorption of nutrient elements by the crop plants from the soil.

(v) It helps in the proper absorption of the nutrients essential for the development of the crop plant.

The efficiency of irrigation can be increased by:

(i) Drip and sprinkler system - It increases the efficiency of irrigation as it sprays water through pipes and a sprinkler.

(ii) River lift system - It is useful in those areas where canal flow is insufficient or irregular due to inadequate water release. The water is directly drawn from the rivers to supplement irrigation in fields.

There are two main factors responsible for loss of grains during storage:

(i) Biotic factors - Insects, rodents, birds, mites and bacteria.

(ii)Abiotic factors - They include moisture, temperature and other non-living environmental factors like light and ventilation.

Biotic and abiotic factors which cause destruction of grains during storage can be prevented by the following methods:

(i) Drying - The harvested food grains should be dried by spreading them over plastic sheets or cemented floors. All the sun dried food grains are allowed to cool to room temperature before storing them.

(ii) Cleaning - The grains should be properly cleaned before storage. They should be filled in new gunny bags before keeping in godowns, warehouses or stores.

Drying - The harvested food grains is dried by spreading them over plastic sheets or dry cemented floors. All the sun dried food grains are then allowed to cool to room temperature before storing them. After this the food grains are stored at the respective places.

For the storage of grains, grain silos are used. The silos are big and tall cylindrical structures. They are provided with outlets at different levels to withdraw the desired stock of grains. They have built in arrangement for aeration, temperature control, protection from insects, rats, birds and rodents etc.

Field crops are infested with a variety of pests. There are various methods by which insects and diseases can be controlled. One of the most common and effective methods is the use of pesticides or biocides that include insecticides (for killing the insects), weedicides (for killing the weeds) and fungicides (for killing the fungi). Thus chemicals used to kill the pests, e.g. weeds; insects, mites, rodents and fungi are called pesticides. These chemicals are sprayed on crop plants or used for treating seeds and soil. Once the pesticides are used the pests are killed on the spot without damaging the crop plant.

During the grain storage, if the loss is due to the biotic factors which includes insects, rodents, birds, mites, fungi and bacteria, then it shows the presence of pests or spots in the grain stores.

Spraying

(i)Spraying requires mechanical devices such as manual sprayer or mechanical sprayer to be used by human labour or machines.

(ii) It is less effective than fumigation due to low absorption rate.

Fumigation

(i) It does not require any mechanical device.

(ii) It is more effective than spraying as fumes gets to the core of the plant.

Milk is rich in fat, tocopherol, proteins, calcium, and phosphorus and contains low sodium, potassium and cholesterol. It is ideal for making milk products like butter, ghee, curd etc. Milk in comparison to other food products such as egg and meat contain all the major food constituents such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, water and vitamins such as A and D. It is easily digestible.

The animals which provide us food are cow, buffalo, hen and fish.

Animal products used as food are: Milk, egg, meat, honey.

Roughage

(i)Roughage contains fibres such as green fodder, silage, hay and legumes.

(ii) It is high in fibre.

Concentrates

(i) Concentrates are a mixture of Substances which are rich in one or more nutrients.

(ii) It is low in fibre.

The daily average feed of a cow constitutes of the following items:

(i) Green fodder and dry grasses (roughage) = 15 to 20 Kg.

(ii) Grain mixture (Concentrates) = 4 to 5 Kg.

(iii) Water = 30 to 35 litres.

The sources of concentrates are cotton seeds, oil seeds, grains of maize, oats, barley, jowar, bajra, gram and their by products such as wheat bran, rice bran, gram husk, oil seed cakes and molasses.

(i) The shelters should have roofed sheds that protects them from rain, heat, direct sunlight wind and cold.

(ii) The floor of cattle shed should be made of brick-lined and sloping for facilitating cleaning and keeping their sitting place dry.

(iii) The sheds or shelters should have cross ventilation with sufficient number of inlets and outlets.

(iv) The shelters should have feeding passage and feeding trough.

(v) The shed should have regular cleaning to kill any insects or parasites.

Artificial insemination; It generally gives improved breeds. This method is widely used to improve the qualities of cow, buffaloes, poultry, horse, sheep, goats and pigs. This method is economical, reliable and hygienic. It has helped in developing the improved and desired varieties of animals.

(a) Cows are classified as draught, diary and dual purpose breeds.

(i) Draught breeds - Their meat is tough and gives little milk. They are used in agricultural practices.

(ii) Dairy breeds - They have large digestive systems and gives large amount of milk.

(iii) Dual breeds - These breeds provide milk as well as help in agricultural tasks.

(b) Breeds of buffaloes - There are ten breeds of buffalo in our country. The important breeds of buffalo with high yield of milk are - Murrah, Mehsana and Surti.

Steps involved in artificial insemination are:

(i) The semen of healthy and tough animal of high milk yielding breed is collected through proper mechanism.

(ii) It is preserved by freezing or chemical methods.

(iii) The preserved semen is then injected into the genital tract of the female animal during fertility period.

Artificial insemination is the process of injecting the semen obtained from a desired male bull of high milk yielding breed into the genital or reproductive tract of female animal during heat period to get the desired progeny of improved breed.

Advantages:

(i) It is economical because semen from a single bull can be used to impregnate several thousand cows.

(ii) It gives high rate of successful fertilization.

Symptoms of sick animals:

(i) Fever and dry nose

(ii) Constipation followed by severe diarrhea.

(iii) Restlessness

(iv) Irritation

(a) Symptoms of Mastitis: Fever, udder becomes swollen and is painful for animal when touched. Milk is watery.

(b) Symptoms of Foot-and-mouth: Blisters appear on the mouth and foot resulting in extreme soreness of the parts. Loss of appetite, excessive salivation, high fever accompanied by shivering and inability to work.

The high yielding breeds of poultry are advantageous over indigenous breeds as:

(i) Improved quality and quantity of chicks.

(ii) Low maintenance requirement.

(iii) Improvement in egg production and reduction in the size of the layer.

(iv) Tolerance to high temperature and humidity.

Advantages of fishery:

(i) Economically important desired fishes are raised in a small area.

(ii) Fishes are made to breed in different seasons.

(iii) There is little mortality in the younger stages of the fishes and this leads to maximum yield.

(iv) Through selective hybridization, yield and quality of fishes are improved.

Poultry diseases can be prevented by giving good management practices. The growers require enough space as overcrowding tends to suppress their growth. Adequate lighting should be there. They should be provided with proper feed. The basic conditions like cleanliness and maintenance of hygiene are must to keep them in good health and prevent them from diseases and infections.

Beekeeping is the rearing of honey bees which provide us with useful products such as honey, wax, propolis, royal jelly and bee venom. These products being natural have high demand in the market.

Composite fish culture is advantageous and economical. It yields about 8-9 times more production than monoculture. All the species of fish live in distinct zone inside the pond and have distinct feeding habits. It brings maximum production of varieties.

Plants as food are gift of nature to humans and most animals. Different parts of plants, such as root, stem, leaf, flower and fruit are consumed by humans in the form of cereals, vegetables, spices and fruits. Animals produce milk, egg, meat, etc. which also supplement our food requirements.

Green revolution is the high production of food grains. The objectives of crop improvement are:

(i) Crop production management.

(ii) Crop variety improvement.

(iii) Crop protection management.

The cereals provide us with carbohydrates. The pulses provide us with proteins. Fruits and vegetables give carbohydrates, protein, fat, vitamins, minerals, roughage and lots of fibers for the smooth metabolism of our body.

The basic objective of mixed cropping is to minimize the risk and insure against the crop failure due to abnormal conditions.

Criteria for the selection of crops for mixed cropping:

(i) The different crops to be grown together are so selected that the products and waste materials from one crop stimulates the growth of the other crop.

(ii) Care is taken to select crops that do not compete with each other for light, nutrients and water.

Mixed Cropping

(i) It aims to minimize the risk of crop failure.

(ii) Seeds of two crops are mixed before sowing.

(iii) It involves no set pattern of rows of crops.

Intercropping

(i) It aims to increase the productivity per unit area.

(ii) Seeds of two crops are not mixed and spread in definite rows.

Advantages of mixed cropping:

(i) The risk of total crop failure due to uncertain monsoon is reduced.

(ii) Chances of pest infestation are greatly reduced.

(iii) Fertility of the soil is improved by growing two crops simultaneously.

Disadvantages of mixed cropping:

(i) Seeds of two crops are mixed before sowing and there is no definite pattern for sowing the seeds.

(ii) Products of different crops are harvested, threshed, marketed and consumed in mixed form.

Intercropping is the practice of growing two or more crops simultaneously in a same field in definite row patterns with the objective of increasing productivity per unit area.

Mixed Cropping

(i) It aims to minimize the risk of crop failure.

(ii) Seeds of two crops are mixed before sowing.

(iii) It involves no set pattern of rows of crops.

Intercropping

(i) It aims to increase the productivity per unit area of crop field.

(ii) Seeds of two crops are not mixed.

(iii) It involves set pattern of rows of crops.

Disadvantages of crop rotation: Crops of the same family should not be repeatedly grown in the same field. This practice will promote build up of diseases and insect pests and decrease the similar type of nutrients from the soil.

Criteria for the selection of crops for crop rotation:

(i) Availability of moisture through rain or irrigation.

(ii) Status of nutrients in the soil.

(iii) Duration of crop - short or long.

(iv) Season of the crop

Leguminous crops are required in crop rotation as they are used to increase the soil fertility. Those crops which require high fertility level may be grown after growing legumes. They also replenish the soil with nitrogen content.

The three steps involved in hybridization are:

(i) Introduction - This refers to the transportation of crop plants from the place of cultivation to the place where they were grown earlier.

(ii) Selection - This process involves the selection of most desirable offspring of a variety of plant for controlled propagation.

(iii) Hybridisation - It involves the crossing between genetically dissimilar plants to produce a new kind. Crossing may be between two different varieties (intervarietal cross - breeding) or between the two different species of the same genus (inter specific cross - breeding) and between different genera (intergeneric crossbreeding).

Plant breeding means production of new varieties or strains by a programme of artificial selection spanning several generations of the organism concerned.

It involves hybridization and mutation breeding.

(i) Hybridisation - It involves the crossing between genetically dissimilar plants to produce a new kind. Crossing may be between two different varieties (intervarietal cross - breeding) or between the two different species of the same genus (inter specific cross - breeding) and between different genera (intergeneric crossbreeding).

(ii) Mutation breeding - The breeding that takes place through various mutagens.

Biological method of weed control involves the deliberate use of insects or some other useful organisms which consume and specifically destroy the weed plants and help in saving the crop. from damage.

Example - Opuntia can be controlled by using cochineal insects in Maharashtra.

Plant disease Occurrence Transmission

(i) Blast Rice Air-borne

(ii) Rust Wheat Air-borne

(iii) Wilt Chick pea Soil-borne

(iv)Stem root Pigeon pea Water-borne

(v) White rust Mustard Air-borne

The diseases in crops are either Air borne, Soil borne and water borne. These disease destroy the crop or reduce its yield.

The ways by which the insects attack the crop plants are:

(i) The chewing insects destroy all sorts of crop plants. They cut the root, stem and leaf of the crop plants by the help of their chewing mouthparts.

(ii) Sucking insects suck the cell sap from various parts of the plant. They make fine punctures in the skin of plants with their needle - like, hollow beaks, suck the sap and leave the crop damaged.

(iii) The internal feeders live inside the plant parts. They make holes in the developing grains and eat it completely or partially.

Controlling insect pests:

(i) Root cutting type of insects is controlled by mixing insecticides in the soil.

Example - Chlorpyrifos.

(ii) Stem and leaf cutting type of insects can be controlled by dusting or spraying the contact insecticides.

Example - Malathion, lindane and thiodan.

(iii) All sap sucking insects can be controlled by spraying systemic insecticides.

Example - Dimethoate and metasystox.

(a) Example of narrow leaved rabi season weeds are - Cyperus rotundas and Wild sorghum.

(b) Example of broad leaved kharif season weeds are - Amaranthus Viridis and Trianthema.

The various methods of weed control are:

(i) Mechanical methods - These include uprooting, weeding with trowel or khurpi, hand hoeing, intercultural, ploughing, burning and flooding.

(ii) Cultural methods - This includes the proper bed preparation, timely sowing of crops, intercropping and crop rotation.

(iii) Chemical methods - Herbicides and weedicides are sprayed on weeds to destroy weeds like - 2, 4 - D.

(iv) Biological methods - Biological method of weed control involves the deliberate use of insects or some other organisms which consume and specifically destroy the weed plants. Example - Opuntia can be controlled by using cochineal insects in Maharashtra.

Effect of weeds on crop plants:

(i) The growth of weeds in the crop fields is harmful because they compete with the crops for nutrients, water, space and light.

(ii) The weeds spread crop pests and diseases by acting as alternate host to insects and microorganisms.

(iii) Some weeds may produce toxic substances which may interfere with the growth of crop plants.

(iv) During harvesting weeds get mixed with crop's produce to downgrade its quality.

Crop pest is any destructive organism which causes great economic loss by destroying crop plants or products obtained from them.

These can be controlled by the use of pesticides or biocides that includes insecticides, weedicides and fungicides. These chemicals are sprayed on crop plants or used for treating seeds and soil.

Insect resistant varieties are advantageous as they do not get infested with pests. Their genes are modified so pests cannot harm them. As pests cannot harm them so pesticides are not used to protect which in turn save environment from pollution caused by pesticides.

Manures

(i) They are organic in nature.

(ii) They are generally insoluble in water.

(iii) They are not nutrient specific.

(iv) They are biodegradable.

(v) They are voluminous and bulky,so difficult to store and carry.

(vi) They provide humus to the soil.

Examples - compost and green manure.

Fertilizers

(i) They are inorganic in nature.

(ii) They are generally soluble in water.

(iii) They are nutrient specific.

(iv) They are non-biodegradable.

(v) They can be easily stored and are easy to carry.

(vi) They do not provide humus to the soil.

Examples - urea and ammonium sulphate.

Advantages of Fertilizers:

(i) They are easy to store, transport and apply to crops.

(ii) Being soluble in water, they are readily absorbed by the crop plants.

(iii) They are nutrient specific and can be selected according to the specific nature of the soil.

Disadvantages of Fertilizers:

(i) They are costly.

(ii) These are the chemicals, which when washed away with rain water, pollute the water bodies and affect the environment and its species.

Mechanism of compost formation:

(i) A trench of dimension of 4 to 5 m long, 1.5 to 1.8 m broad and 1.0 to 1.8 m deep is dug.

(ii) A layer of well mixed refuse of about 30 cm thickness is spread in the trench.

(iii) The refuse layer is well moistened by slurry of cow dung, earth and water.

(iv) Now, a second layer of well mixed refuse is spread in trench till the heap rises to a height of 45 to 60 cm above the ground level.

(v) The top of the heap is covered with a thin layer of moist earth.

(vi) After three months, the material is taken out of the trench and placed in the form of conical heap. The conical heap, if required, be suitably moistened and should be covered with earth.

(vii) Conical heap is left undisturbed for about one to two months. After this period, compost can be used in crop fields.

Manures are rich in organic matter but are poor supplier of nutrients. So, the cultivated field which is not supplied with fertilizers may suffer from the deficiency of nutrients and not give very good yield.

The cultivated field which is supplied with fertilizers only may face drainage problem and water logging due to lack of organic matter in the soil. This may harm the crop and the yield. Use of fertilizers over long periods of time can destroy the soil texture by killing the microorganisms that recycle nutrients in the soil.

Irrigation is the process of supplying water to crop plants by means of canals, wells, reservoirs, tube-wells, etc.

Irrigation is necessary in the areas where there is scarcity and irregular distribution of rain causing conditions like drought. It provides sufficient moisture for the germination of seeds, as seeds do not germinate in dry soil. It is also necessary for the growth and development of crop plants. The irrigation water tends to dissolve the nutrients present in the soil and forms a solution which is easily absorbed by the roots of the plants and helps in its growth.

Excessive irrigation causes water logging and increases surface salinity. In waterlogged soil, plants do not get proper aeration and die due to lack of air.

The various types of irrigation systems are -

(i) Canal system: In this system, the human-made canals receive water from one or two reservoirs or from rivers. The main canal is distributed into branch canals which have further distributaries or field channels.

(ii) Tanks: These are small storage reservoirs which catch and store the runoff of smaller catchment areas.

(iii) Wells: These are of two types - dug wells and tube wells. In dug wells, water is collected from water bearing strata. The water from the shallow strata slowly accumulates in a pit and water is lifted by mechanical means. A tube well can tap water from the deeper strata.

(iv) River lift system: It is more useful in the areas where canal flow is insufficient or irregular due to inadequate water release. In this system, water is directly drawn from the rivers for supplemental irrigation.

(v) River valley system: Certain parts of the country such as Karnataka and Kerala which lie along the Western Ghats use water that is discharged into the steep and narrow riverine valleys, during the rainy season. The bottom flat lands of the valleys are used for growing crops.

(vi) Drip and sprinkler system: It employs the overhead pipes for spraying water.

Efficiency of applied water can be increased by rain water harvesting and watershed management.

Mixed Cropping

(i) It aims to minimize the risk of crop failure.

(ii) Seeds of two crops are mixed before sowing.

(iii) It involves no set pattern of rows of crops.

(iv) Spraying for pest control to individual crops is difficult and hence treatment is generic in nature.

Intercropping

(i) It aims to increase the productivity per unit area.

(ii) Seeds of two crops are not mixed.

(iii) It involves set pattern of rows of crops.

(iv) Pesticides can be easily applied to individual crop.

Advantages of mixed cropping:

(i) The risk of total crop failure due to uncertain monsoon is reduced.

(ii) Chances of pest infestation are greatly reduced.

(iii) Fertility of the soil is improved by growing two crops simultaneously.

Advantages of intercropping:

(i) It makes better use of the natural resources of sunlight, land and water.

(ii) Soil erosion is effectively arrested.

(iii) The produce of each crop can be marketed and consumed separately.

Crop variety improvement is the manipulation of crop plants for increasing their yield and improving quality. Various approaches which are used for genetic improvement of crop plants are referred as plant breeding methods. These involve three processes:

(i) Introduction - This refers to the transportation of crop plants from the place of cultivation to the place where grown earlier.

(ii) Selection - This process involves the selection of most desirable offspring of a variety of plant for controlled propagation.

(iii) Hybridisation - It involves the crossing between genetically dissimilar plants to produce a new kind with better qualities. Crossing may be between two different varieties (intervarietal cross - breeding) or between the two different species of the same genus (inter specific cross - breeding) and between different genera (intergeneric crossbreeding).

Crop Improved Variety

Rice IR8

Maize Ganga 5

Soybean PK 262

Sunflower BSH 1

Mustard Pusa Bold

The above listed varieties of crops are mostly hybrid forms and have a very high yield.

Methods to control plant diseases:

(i) Seed treatment with Thiram 2.5 g/kg to prevent blast of rice.

(ii) Spraying Bavistin at 10 days interval to prevent wheat rust.

(iii) Spraying Dithane M45 at 2 g/l water at 10 days interval to prevent wheat rust.

(iv) Avoid water logging for fungal diseases.

(v) Growing sorghum and pigeon pea mixed cropping to avoid stem rot.

(vi) Spraying the crop with 0.2% Ziram and Maneb.

Preventive measures against insect pests:

(i) Root cutting type of insects is controlled by mixing insecticides in the soil.

Example - chlorpyrifos.

(ii) Stem and leaf cutting type of insects can be controlled by dusting or spraying the contact insecticides.

Example - malathion, lindane and thiodan.

(iii) All sap sucking insects can be controlled by spraying insecticides in systematic way.

Example - dimethoate and metasystox.

The food eaten by animals is called feed.

The animal feed is of two types:

(i) Roughage - It largely contains fibres such as green fodder, silage, hay and legumes.

(ii) Concentrates - It includes the mixture of substances that are rich in one or more nutrients. Concentrates are low in fibres and contains relatively high proteins and other nutrients. Example - oil seeds, cotton seeds, oats, barley, jowar, gram etc.

Feed according to age and functions are:

(i) Maintenance requirements - The food is required by the animal to support it to perform the basic functions of life.

(ii) Milk producing requirements - It includes the type of food during lactation period. Maintenance part of the ration depends upon the body weight and age while milk production part is dependent upon the level and composition of milk.

Artificial insemination is the process of injecting the semen obtained from a desired male bull of high milk yielding breed into the genital or reproductive tract of female animal during heat period.

Steps involved in artificial insemination are:

(i) The semen of healthy and tough animal of high milk yielding breed is collected.

(ii) It is preserved by freezing or chemical methods.

(iii) The preserved semen is then injected into the genital tract of the female animal.

(iv) The preserved semen is injected during fertility period.

Prevention of animal diseases:

(i) The shelters should have roofed sheds which protects animals from rain, heat, direct sunlight and cold.

(ii) The shelters should be provided with cross ventilation.

(iii) The floor of the cattle shed is made brick lined for facilitating cleaning, dry floor and prevention from infections and diseases.

(iv) Animals must be protected from diseases caused by virus, bacteria and fungi by giving them proper treatment and vaccination on time.

(v) Proper nutritional requirements should be given to them so that they do not suffer from nutritional deficiency diseases.

Honey bee lives in a colony and different tasks are done by different groups of bees in the same colony. According to their roles, there are three types of castes in the colony of bee:

(i) Queen - The body size of queen is much larger than other castes of bees of the colony. Queen is responsible for laying eggs and lays up to 200 eggs everyday of each season.

(ii) Drone - It is haploid, fertile male. These are larger in size than workers. They are stingless and their main role is to mate with queen and remain in colony to sleep and eat honey.

(iii) Worker - Worker is diploid, sterile female. Its size is smallest among the caste of bees. They are the active members of the colony. For various outdoor and indoor chores, the workers are provided with a variety of organs such as hypopharyngeal glands (for secretion of bee milk), wax glands (for building cells of comb), pollen baskets on their hind legs (for collection of pollen), sucking type mouthparts (for collecting the nectar), high level secretion of invertase enzyme (in the honey sac for honey formation), a sting at the tip of the abdomen for self defence and defence of the colony.

Honey bees provide a good example of teamwork and division of labour.

Italian bee is commonly domesticated in India to increase the yield of honey. It is preferred because:

(i) It is gentle in nature.

(ii) It has good honey collection capacity.

(iii) It has the ability to protect itself from enemies.

(iv) It has prolific queen with less swarming.

The pasturage means the flowers available to the bees for nectar and pollen collection. In addition to adequate quantity of pasturage, the kinds of flowers available will determine the taste of the honey.

Pasturage of honey bee includes a variety of flowering plants such as Mango, Cotton, Litchi, Shishame, Apple, Cashew, Coffee, Rubber plant, Sunflower, Neem, etc.

For increasing production, the common feature in poultry, fisheries and beekeeping are:

(i) Quality and quantity of seeds

(ii) Low maintenance requirement.

(iii) Tolerance to high temperature.

(iv) Care to prevent mortality.

(v) To increase their productivity, cross breeding should be done.

Capture Fishery

(i)It is method of obtaining fish from natural resources.

(ii) There is no seeding and raising of fish.

(iii) It is undertaken in both inland and marine waters.

Culture Fishery

(i) It is a method of obtaining fish from fish farming.

(ii) The fish is seeded and reared.

(iii) It is undertaken mostly inland and near sea shore.

Inland Fishery

(i)It is a method of obtaining fish from freshwater resources such as canals, rivers, etc and brackish water resources where seawater and freshwater mix are obtained together.

(ii) The fish is seeded and reared.

(iii) Most fish production is through aquaculture.

Worker - Worker is diploid, sterile female. Its size is smallest among the caste of bees. They are the active members of the colony. For various outdoor and indoor chores, the workers are provided with a variety of organs such as hypo pharyngeal glands (for secretion of bee milk), wax glands (for building cells of comb), pollen baskets on their hind legs (for collection of pollen), sucking type mouthparts (for collecting the nectar), high level secretion of invertase enzyme (in the honey sac for honey formation), a sting at the tip of the abdomen (for defence of the colony.

The worker bees of a hive fall under 3 groups. These are:

(i) Scavenger Bees - For the first three days each worker bees act as a scavenger.

(ii) Nurse Bees - From the fourth day onwards each worker bee feeds the entire brood, like a foster mother, with a mixture of honey and pollen. By seventh day, its starts producing royal jelly, which is fed to the queen and future queen bees. They also perform guard duties.

(iii) Foraging or Field bees - They explore new sources of nectar. They collect nectar, pollen and propolis. Nectar is changed into honey in the crops and collected in bee hive.

(i) Murrah is a high-milk yielding variety of buffaloes. It can yield 1800-2500 litres of milk. They are the Cross breeds of buffalo that have been developed at National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, Haryana. They will produce maximum quantity of milk and will bring economic benefit to milkman.

Sowing the same crop in the same field year after year results in reduction of nutrients from the particular depth of the soil, increase in populations of soil borne pathogens and pests of wheat crop and growth of weeds, infections and infestations.

Growing some root – nodules containing legume crops such as pea, chick pea, soyabean, etc., in the field will improve soil structure and fertility as it will draw water and nutrients from different levels of soil and add nitrogen salts to the soil Weeds, soil borne pathogens and pests of wheat crops will be eliminated as they do not find their host. This will increase the overall fertility of the soil and hence crop production

Biological Nitrogen Fixation

Legume plants are involved in biological nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen of air is converted into organic nitrogen only by prokaryotic cells: bacteria and cyanobacteria. A group of Gram negative bacteria, the rhizobia, form symbiotic association with numerous legume host plants and produce root nodules where nitrogen fixation occurs. Root nodules of soybean (Glycine max) has Sinorhizobium Meliloti (old name Rhizobium meliloti). While root nodules of pea (Pisum Sativum) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum) have Rhizobium leguminosarum.

In the process of nitrogen fixation, dinitrogen (N₂) of air is taken by endosymbiotic bacteria of root nodules and is converted into ammonia (NH+) which diffuses out of bacteria. Inside tissues of root nodules, this ammonia is converted either in amide amino acid (glutamine, e.g., pea) or ureides (e.g., soybean) which are exported via xylem tissue to leaves of host plant. In leaves amides and ureides are used in the synthesis of various amino acids.

If legume plants grown in the presence of nitrogen fertilizers (e.g., nitrate-NO₃^-), they will use this fertilizer as a source of nitrogen nutrition and they will not form symbiotic root nodules (i.e., there will be no biological nitrogen fixation)

(a) With Indian population reaching 1.3 billions by the end of year 2020, we will require about 240 million tonnes of grains production every year. In order to produce such an enormous amount of grains, we need extra land for cultivation which is beyond our scope as it is surely going to create ecological disturbances. Therefore, it is essential to wisely use the available food resources and prevent wastage.

Further due to unemployment, poverty and inflation, millions of Indians are unable to get adequate meals. Hunger and rampant malnutrition of poor sections of human society can be managed by proper utilization of food items served in the lavish parties of marriages, birthdays, inaugurations, etc and by giving extra food to needy people.

(b) We can adopt the following methods for ensuring food security.

(i) Development of diseases resistant, high yielding crop varieties having low maturity durations.

(ii) By improving production management.

(iii) Crop protection management.

(iv) Proper storage and distribution of agricultural produce.

The conventional foods are raised using chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides. These agrochemicals are often toxic, xenobiotic (human made) and nonbiodegradable. These agrochemicals pass into conventional foods in small traces. Repeated use of conventional foods increases the concentrations of agrochemicals in our bodies. Ultimately they become toxic and cause a number of ailments e.g., cancers and harms can occur to us or our pets. By rains and floods, chemical fertilizers are washed out from crop fields and contaminate and pollute our water bodies such as groundwater and surface water such as ponds, lakes and rivers. They result in eutrophication and other ecological accidents such as depletion and other ecological accidents such as depletion of oxygen in water and death of aquatic life such as fishes.

On the other hand, organic foods are free from any traces of agrochemicals as they are raised by using manures, biofertilizers (e.g., Nitrogen fixing crops and cyanobacteria), biopesticides (neem products) and biological control. Being nontoxic, organic foods should be preferred over conventional foods. Manure used in raising organic foods is environmentally clean method of disposing off and recycling organic wastes. Organic farming is pollution free and leads to sustainable growth of economy without harming the environment.

Fumigation is comparatively a safe and economical option of pest control than spraying of stored grains due to following reasons:

(i) In fumigation, the worker does not come in contact with the fumigant. There is some contact with the pesticide during spraying. In spraying, the worker suffers irritation in eyes, nose, vomiting, etc.

(ii) No residue persist over articles as it penetrated deep in fumigation. In spraying some residue can enter the sprayed articles.

(iii) Fumigants are volatile while sprays are seldom volatile.

(iv) Fumigation disinfects the whole areas spraying disinfects only the sprayed articles.

(v) In fumigation less amount of pesticide is used. While in spraying, large volume of pesticide is consumed.

(vi) Example of fumigants are aluminium phosphate, EDCT and methyl bromide. Pesticides which are sprayed include BHC, malathion and pyrethrum.

Hybrid produced by cross breeding exotic breed with local breed yields less milk as compared to the exotic breed. Even then, exotic breed cannot be incorporated in our dairy farms due to following reasons:

(i) Most of the exotic breeds have come from colder countries. Colder areas are limited in our country. Exotic breeds will not be able to tolerate the high levels of temperature and humidity in our weather.

(ii) The exotic breeds will fall prey to local pests and pathogens easily as they are not resistant to them.

(iii) The feed available locally does not match with the feed required by the exotic breeds.

Therefore, best available option is to import a few exotic cattle and cross-breed them with local cattle for obtaining hybrid cattle acclimatized to local climate and resistant to local diseases.

(i) There exists a great variety of agro climatic conditions and different varieties of a vegetable are suitable for preparing different food items. A particular variety of a crop plant generally gives good yield in a particular set of agro climatic conditions. Therefore, different varieties with varying traits are produced in keeping in view the agro climatic conditions and market demands.

(ii) Plant breeding ( a branch of Genetics).

(iii) Techniques of plant breeders include following steps:

(a) Introduction

(b) selection

(c) Hybridization

(d) Recombinant DNA Technology or Genetic Engineering by which GM crops of genetically modified crops are produced.

(iv) Hybridization is a technique in which the two plants having the desired characters are made to cross and develop hybrid seeds. These seeds are used and hence modified breed of the desired plants are obtained.

Indian poultry breed - Aseel

Foreign poultry breed - Longhorn.

Desirable trait after cross breeding - Better quantity and quality of eggs and meat with good adaptability to local conditions.

The two ways of obtaining fish are

(i) Capture fishery. Fish is caught from natural waters both marine as well as inland (freshwater bodies)

(ii) Culture fishery.Fish is grown in water bodies through human efforts. The mature is harvested

Major problem of fishery (or fish farming) It is procurement of pure seeds of high quality fish. This problem has been solved through hypophysation or hormonal treatment of selected fishes in breeding period.

Desirable characteristics can be incorporated in a crop variety by two methods:

(i) Hybridization.This is a genetical technique. This method involves crossing of the selected plants having one or more of the desirable characteristics and getting the desired results.

(ii) Genetic engineering. Introduction of desirable characteristic with the help of techniques available in biotechnology. It is more advanced level.

Intercropping. It is growing of two or more crops simultaneously in the same field but in different row patterns.

Crops are selected for intercropping on the basis of different nutrient requirement and different sowing and reaping (harvesting) times, e.g., soybean and maize.

rice, potato and dal.

The test tube A and B contain rice and potato that has carbohydrate and when iodine is mixed in it then the dark blue colour appears.

Metanil presence can be detected by adding 2 to 3 drops of concentrated H₂SO₄. The solution turns pink if metanil is present.

The enormous increase in the production of foodgrain especially wheat during the last three decades, due to use of seeds of HYV(=High Yielding Varieties), higher dose of fertilizers , pesticides, and different methods of irrigation is known as green revolution.

Fish and oil production.

Rice and what, respectively

Plant nutrients are inorganic raw materials that are absorbed from soil (water and air) by the plants for building up organic matter.

Nitrogen, Phosphorus and potassium are three most important mineral elements required for plant growth.

Manganese and Zinc are two macronutrients required by plants.

Carbon and Sulphur are two macro elements required by plants.

Micronutrients; (b) Macronutrients.

Iron is a micronutrient of plants.

Manure is partially decomposed organic matter formed from animal wastes such as dung of cattle and crop residue that is added to soil to increase the fertility and increase crop production.

Manures contain nutrients in small quantities so they have to be used in bulk for meeting the nutrient requirement of the crop plant.

Potassium sulphate and potassium chloride.

Urea and ammonium nitrate.

Manures are biodegradable and do not contain any synthetic chemicals so they do not cause harm to soil.

Ammonium Sulphate is one of the nitrogenous fertilizers.

Fertilizer is nutrient specific.

The nature of the soil becomes alkaline.

A quick growing crop which is cultivated and ploughed under the soil, to incorporate it into the soil for the purpose of improving its physical structure and fertility, is known as green manure. For example, sunn hemp (sanai) –Crotalaria juncea.

Fertilizers cause water, and soil pollution. It also harm organisms.

Dung of cattle (cow and buffalo) has traditionally been used as manure in our country.

The process of providing water to crop plants at the required time in the fields through human efforts by means of canals, wells, reservoirs, etc., is known as irrigation.

Paddy crop can tolerate water logging but wheat crop cannot tolerate the same amount of water.

At the time of germination of seeds, irrigation is required by all crop plants.

The excessive accumulation of water in the soil that blocks air supply to plants is called water logging.

Nature of crop and nature of soil.

If matured wheat crop is irrigated, lodging will take place and it will destroy the crop.

The control of flood and generation of hydroelectric power are the two functions of multipurpose dams.

45%. of the cropped area in India is still unirrigated.

Groundnut and Sunflower are grown together in mixed cropping.

Root pattern of both of the crops.

The one advantage of mixed cropping is that there is no risk of crop failure.

Growing two or more crops simultaneously in a same field in definite row pattern is called intercropping.

Farmer can apply fertilizers and pesticides as per need of the crop.

Crop rotation.

An agricultural practice in which different types of crops are grown alternately in the same field in a pre-planned succession is called crop rotation.

Rhizobium.

It helps in the control of weeds, pests and diseases of crop plants and adds to fertility of the soil.

Maize-Potato-Sugarcane-pea.

The sorting out of best individual plant or groups of plants from mixed population is known as selection.

The oldest method of crop improvement is known as Introduction.

(a) Manak ; (b) PBW 154

The new crops are introduced in the form of seeds, bulbs or cutting.

The plant breeding means production of new varieties or strains by a programme of artificial selection spanning several generations of the organism concerned for better production.

Organism which damages cultivated plants or plant products or make them unfit for human consumption is known as pest.

The chemical that are used to eliminate (kill) pests is called pesticide.

Insecticide is used to kill insects in crop plants.

Chlorpyrifos is name of one of the insecticides.

Sugarcane is affected by red rot.

Rust is common disease of wheat.

Gundhi bug is major pest of rice crop.

(a) Red rot of sugarcane; (b) Rust of wheat.

Blast.

The biological weed control example is Cochineal insects that is used to eradicate the weed called Opuntia.

Leaves of Margosa (Neem).

The unwanted plants that grow along with a cultivated crop and take its space and nutrients are called weeds.

9.3%. of food grains is lost in our country every year.

Biotic and abiotic factors.

Degradation in quality of foodgrains and poor germination capacity of seeds.

Below 15% is the ideal moisture content for the food grains.

Solid fumigant is Aluminium phosphide; and Liquid fumigant is Ethylene dichloride-carbon tetrachloride.

Fumigation is most effective for destroying insects in stored grains.

By using mechanical drier on commercial basis.

Pyrethrum and fruit of black pepper are two natural pesticides.

Domestic animal’s food that contains essential components needed for the growth, development, and general maintenance of metabolism in animals is called feed.

(a) Berseem; (b) Pounded straw of wheat (Bhusa).

Oil cakes are formed by mixing grains of maize and oil cakes.

Oil cakes are formed from remains of oil seeds after the extraction of oil by oil mills.

Roughage and concentrates are two broad types of cattle feed.

Karan-Swiss and Murrah respectively.

Nigerians and Malvi are two indigenous breeds of draught cows.

Murrah and Surti are two breeds of cow.

365 days is lactation period of Holstein-Friesian.

1800-2500 liters of milk during lactation period is given by murrah buffalo.

By the crosses between following breeds of cow:

(a)Karan Swiss is developed by crossing Brown Swiss and Sahiwal;

(b) Frieswal is developed by crossing Holstein-Friesian and Sahiwal.

(a) Murrah - 7% (b) Surti - 8-12%

NDRI-National Dairy Research Institute.

(i) cows - Gir; (ii) buffaloes - Murrah.

The exotic breeds of cow are Holstein-Friesian and Brown Swiss.

Karan-Fries is one of the cross breeds of cows.

The first successful experiment with artificial insemination in animals was performed by Italian physiologist Lazzaro Spallanzani, who in 1780, while investigating animal reproduction, developed a technique for artificial insemination in dogs.

Artificial Insemination is economical, more reliable and hygienic method.

3000 cows can be impregnated form a semen of single bull.

Dr. V. Kurien is regarded as ‘Father of white Revolution.

Pox and rinderpest are two viral disease of the cattle.

Blisters on feet and mouth, excessive salivation are the symptoms of foot and mouth disease of cattle.

Rinderpest and foot and mouth diseases.

Rinderpest is the the disease of cow in which high fever, excessive salivation and lesions of mouth occur.

Nutritional deficiencies is cause of non-communicable diseases.

(a) 38.3⁰ (b) 72.2-38.2⁰C

The two HYV of poultry are NH-260 IBL-80 (or B-77 and IIS-82).

Aseel and Busra are two indigenous breeds of hen of India.

White Leghorn and Rhode Island Red have been successfully acclimatized in India.

Poultry. is most efficient converter of low fibre food stuff into highly nutritious animal protein food.

Growers and layers are the two phases in the life cycle of poultry.

Cholera and tuberculosis are two disease caused by bacteria in poultry.

Special care is taken to avoid mortality and maintain feathering and carcass.

Cholera and Ranikhet respectively.

Rohu (Labeo Rohita) and catla (catla catla).

Salmon (trout; Salmo salar) and Bombay-duck (Nehari; Harpodonneherenus).

Freshwater fish-Catfish (lachi; Wallago attu); Marine fish-Flying fish Exocoetus.

Pisciculture is the rearing and breeding of fishes for improved production under controlled conditions .

Fin fishery and shell fishery.

Lobsters or crabs and oysters.

Inland fisheries deal with the fishery aspects of fresh brackish water.

Culture fishery is the type of inland fishery practiced in small water bodies where desired fish is reared and then harvested.

Growing of two or more than two fishes together in the same water body is known as Poly culture.

Composite fish culture is most advantageous fish culture system.

Apiculture is the technical term for beekeeping.

Worker, queen and drone.

Apis Mellifera is the he species of honey bee, which is used for commercial production of honey.

Nosema is a protozoan disease of honey bee.

Beeswax and bee venom.

The process of movement during which a queen leaves the old hive along with approximately one half of the workers in that colony and takes a new shelter in called swarming.

Worker (i.e., sterile female).

2000 ova (or eggs).

Wax moth is controlled by exposing bee in hive to sun for increasing temperature.

Beekeeping helps in cross pollination of flowers of crop plants, since pollens are transferred from one flower to another by bees while they collect nectar by sitting on the same plant or flower.

The above listed names are the varieties of food and fodder crops grown on commercial scales for the human and and animal consumption.

1. Oil seeds (b) Mustard (ii) Sunflower

Mustard and sunflower are widely used oil seeds in cooking. They are grown commercially for oil production.

2. Intercropping (d)Soybean (iii) Maize

Intercropping can be seen in soybean and maize. Soybean provides nutrition to maize by fixing nitrogen.

3. Local breeds (a) Red Sindhi (i) Sahiwalal

The local breeds Red Sindhi and Sahiwal are the local breeds and they have high resistance against diseases.

4. Poultry feed (c) Vitamin A (iv)Vitamin K

Vitamin A and vitamin K are essential vitamins as they help in the formation of eggs and egg shell along with poultry health.

(a) Catla Surface feeder (S)

Catla is a surface feeder variety of fish

(b) Common carp bottom feeder (B)

Common carp is a bottom feeder variety of fish

(c) Mrigal Fish Feeding (F)

It is a ray finned fish in carp family

(d) Rohu middle zone feeder (M)

It is a fish that is extensively used in aquaculture.

(i) Lentil Pulse

Lentils also known as pulse are good source of protein

(ii) Sesame OilSeed C

Seasame is an oil seed that is used to extract oil used for cooking.

(iii) Millets k Cereal A

Millets is one of the cereals widely used as staple diet.

(iv) Black gram Pulse B

Black gram is one of the pulses and is good source of protein.

(v) Maize Cereal A

Maize is also cereal. It is a good source of carbohydrate.

When plants of same type are grown and cultivated at a large scale it is known as Crop. The various types of crops are Wheat Rice, Maize, Chickpea, Mustard etc.

Kharif crops- The crops that are grown during the rainy( monsoon season) are known as Kharif crops. The seeds are sown at the beginning of the monsoon season and are reared at the end of the monsoon season.

Example - Rice(Paddy), Millet and Cotton crop

Rabi Crop - Crops grown at the winter season starting from October till march are known as Rabi Crops.

Example - Wheat, Mustard and Gram

Crop Variety Improvement involves recognizing valuable traits and incorporating them into future generations so that the future generations of crops give better yield and have natural resistance to disease. It involves the manipulation of crop plants in order to get better performance out of them

There are different mechanisms for crop variety improvement. The 2 main mechanism are discussed below:-

1.Hybridization - It is referred to as crossing of two genetically dissimilar plants to produce a hybrid variety. The crossing can either be between two different varieties known as intervarietal cross breeding or between two different species of the same genus known as inter specific cross breeding or between two different genera known as intergeneric cross breeding.This method results in hybrid variety that has the desired characteristics of both parents.

2.Genetic engineering - It involves producing genetically modified species by altering the gene code of the plant or by introducing a desirable gene and getting the desired results.

The minerals are replenished through artificial and natural methods. The artificial methods include adding fertilizers, manures, crop rotation, mixed cropping etc. The natural methods through which the minerals are restored are carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle sulphur cycle etc

Organic farming is a technique, which involves cultivation of plants and rearing of animals in natural ways. It relies on ecologically balanced agricultural principles like crop rotation, green manure, organic waste, biological pest control, mineral and rock additives.

Its advantages are:

1. It replenishes the nutrients of soil without harming the environment.

2. It does not cause pollution.

3. The food produced by this method is poison free and tastes better.

4. It is drought resistance.

irrigation is the method in which a controlled amount of water is supplied to plants at regular intervals for agriculture. It is used to assist in the growing of agricultural crops.

In surface (furrow, flood, or level basin) irrigation systems, water moves across the surface of agricultural lands, in order to wet it and infiltrate into the soil.

Localized irrigation - Localized irrigation is a system where water is distributed under low pressure through a piped network, in a predetermined pattern, and applied as a small discharge to each plant or adjacent to it.

Drip (or micro) irrigation- It is also known as trickle irrigation, functions as its name suggests. In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots. Water is delivered at or near the root zone of plants, drop by drop.

Monocropping Crop rotation Sequential cropping Intercropping

Monocropping - When only one crop is grown season after season; it’s called Monocropping.

Sequential cropping - It means growing of two or more crops in sequence on the same piece of land in a farming year.

Row intercropping - when cropping involves the component crops arranged in alternate rows.

Strip Intercropping - It involves growing of two or more crops in strips that are wide enough to allow separate management of the two crops; but close enough for the crops to interact.

Mixed intercropping or mixed cropping - It involves growing of two or more crops at the same time with no distinct row arrangement.

Relay intercropping or relay cropping - It is a system in which a second crop is planted when an existing crop has just flowered but before harvesting.

Crop protection is the science and practice of managing plant diseases, weeds and other pests (both vertebrate and invertebrate)that damage agricultural crops and forestry. Agricultural crops include field crops (maize, wheat, rice, etc.), vegetable crops (potatoes, cabbages, etc.) and fruits. The crops in field are exposed to many factor. The crop plants may be damaged by insects, birds, rodents, bacteria, etc.

The management of crop protection includes

● Pesticide-based approaches such as herbicides, insecticides and fungicides.

● Biological pest control approaches such as cover crops, trap crops and beetle banks.

● Barrier-based approaches such as agrotextiles and bird netting.

● Animal psychology-based approaches such as bird scarers.

● Biotechnology-based approaches such as plant breeding and genetic modification.

Prophylactic treatment is done to prevent the loss incurred by biotic and abiotic factors in grains. DIfferent methods are used like spraying of pesticides, fungicides, weedicides and insecticides. Maintaining temperature and prevention of humidity and ventilation with ample of light.

Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals by human beings, in which genetic qualities and behavior, considered to be advantageous to humans, are further developed. The term can refer to the practice of selectively breeding and raising livestock to promote desirable traits in animals for utility, sport, pleasure, or research.

A large number of farmers in India depend on animal husbandry for their livelihood. In addition to supplying milk, meat, eggs,wool and hides, animals, mainly bullocks, are the major source of power for both farmers and dryers. Thus, animal husbandry plays an important scope in the rural economy.

dairy development programmers the country is having presently 233 processing plants and 46 milk products factories. The cooperative public sector plants and organized private plants have an estimated handling capacity of 8.65 million liters per day (MLPD). Many of the operations in Animal Husbandry and Poultry Farming can be done by the rural women. It is estimated that on an average 35 million human years/annum employment generation has been potential through this sector.

Cattle feed produced by the Milk Unions/ Federations is a balanced source of essential nutrients required for body maintenance, growth and milk production.

It is manufactured using good quality grains, oil cakes/ meals, bran, molasses, com- mon salt, minerals and vitamins. It is comparatively cheaper and highly palatable to the animals.

● Cattle feed contains protein, energy, minerals and vitamins required for the growth, maintenance and milk production of animals. It is advantageous to feed extra cattle feed to pregnant animals for proper development of foetus.

● It increases reproductive efficiency, milk production as well as fat content of milk.

● Growing animals should be fed 1 to 1.5 kg of compound cattle feed daily.

● Milking animals should be fed 2 kg of compound cattle feed for body maintenance and additional 400g to cows and 500 g to buffaloes for every litre of milk produced.

Artificial insemination (AI) is the process of collecting sperm cells from a male animal and manually depositing them into the reproductive tract of a female. Artificial insemination is commonly used instead of natural mating in many species of animals because of the many benefits it helps in.

● the ability to use sires of superior genetic merit (the best bulls of the breed);

● improving production traits in cattle operation;

● the ability to mate specific sire to individual cows;

● reducing the number of herd bulls needed in cattle operation;

● increased genetics for replacement heifers; and

● when combined with estrous synchronization, a shorter calving season can be achieved, resulting in a more consistent, uniform calf crop.

● Obvious pain or discomfort (difficulty jumping, reluctance to climb stairs, cries when being picked up)

● Loss of appetite.

● Increased thirst (often a sign of diabetes)

● Unexplained changes in weight.

● Bad breath.

● Diarrhea or changes in litter contents, urinating outside the box.

Tuberculosis (TB)

● Cattle with tuberculosis often become very thin over time

● People can get TB from cattle by drinking infected milk

● You should have your herd tested for TB every year by your state veterinarian. This involves a skin test

● Animals testing positive are given a T brand on the left side of the neck

Cattle measles

● Cattle measles is a stage of

● a tapeworm in cattle. When

● people eat infected meat which

● is undercooked, they develop tapeworms in the gut

● Cattle are infected when they pick up tapeworm eggs when grazing on pastures which are polluted because of unhygienic toilet practices by infected people

● Infected cattle do not look sick and measles can only be seen in the meat at slaughter

Exotic breeds - Jersey & Brown Swiss. They give out large amount of milk.

Indigenous breed - Gir Red SIndhi. They are disease resistant.

Indigenous breeds - Aseel, chittagong

Exotic breeds - Plymouth & Red island

Backyard poultry production - It is at the subsistence level of farming. Birds live free range and hatch their own eggs. Their diet is supplemented with crop waste or food leftovers. The labour involved in backyard poultry production is part-time.

Farm flock production- It is slightly more specialized. Eggs are hatched at a separate location where the hatch and the sexing of the birds are controlled.

Commercial poultry farm production involves full-time labour and is geared toward producing on a sufficient scale for the sale of both eggs and poultry meat.

Specialized egg production -It consists of separating poultry for meat and egg production. In the egg producing plant, specialized employees oversee specific aspects of egg production.

Integrated egg production - It is the most advanced enterprise and involves full mechanization and automation of the egg production cycle including battery egg laying, temperature controls, scientific feeding and mechanized egg collection methods.

Broiler production - Broilers are the most preferred ones under poultry meat category. Many Private companies are involved with farmers in contract farming for broiler production. So marketing is no longer a problem. A broiler is a young chicken of below eight weeks of age, weighing 1.5 to 2 kgs body weight, with tender and soft meat.

Fish are aquatic, cold blooded and craniate vertebrates belonging to the super class Pisces under phylum Chordata.

Culture fisheries is the cultivation of selected fishes in confined areas with utmost care to get maximum yield. The seed is stocked, nursed and reared in confined waters, then the crop is harvested. Culture takes place in ponds, which are fertilized and supplementary feeds are provided to fish to get maximum

yield.

Beekeeping (apiculture) is the practice of managing honeybee

colonies to attain desired objectives. The most common primary

objectives for managing colonies are to:

Ensure large, healthy adult honeybee populations to coincide with major nectar flows;

To use these strong honeybee colonies to best execute the beekeeping management plan to:

Maximize the collection of nectar (ie. to maximize honey production); and/or provide pollination services for local food crops.

Artificial insemination (AI) is a technique in which sperm are collected from the male, processed, stored and artificially introduced into the female reproductive tract at proper time for the purpose of conception. It has become one of the most important techniques ever devised for the genetic improvement of farm animals. It has been most widely used for breeding dairy cattle and buffalo.

Cattle fattened in feedlots are fed small amounts of hay supplemented with grain, soy and other ingredients in order to increase the energy density of the diet. The debate is whether cattle should be raised on diets primarily composed of pasture (grass) or a concentrated diet of grain, soy, corn and other supplements.

Consumption will range from 1 gallon per 100 pounds of body weight during cold weather to nearly 2 gallons per 100 pounds of body during the hottest weather. Lactating cows require nearly twice as much water compared to dry cows.

Yellow revolution means following the practices in agriculture that lead to higher levels of production

Herbarium is study of dried plants that are kept in room, box or receptacle.

Chemical fertilizers have chemicals and hence use of chemicals is not done in organic farming.

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Hybridization has been one of the best practices that is used for obtaining the best progeny of plant species.

Pusa is one of the improved variety of wheat and is famous for its harvest.

Intercropping increases crop production as different crops are sown at same time.

Sesbania aculeata Pers is a small tree. It is a native of thailand and it is called Dhaincha in Hindi.

Sun hemp is cover crop that is used as excellent manure due to nitrogen fixing capacity.

Egyptian clover is an annual clover. It is used as fodder for cattles and buffalo.

Lentil is a common term used for pulses and is from legume family. Its seeds grows in pod.

Iron is involved in the production of chlorophyll Iron also is a component of many enzymes associated with energy transfer, nitrogen reduction. and fixation, and lignin formation.

Biofertlizers are non toxic and natural fertilizers.

Plant breeding enables maximum production in the field.

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The rabi crops are sown around mid-November, after the monsoon rains are over.

HIgh yielding variety HYV seeds are high yield variety. These seeds are used to increase the production in crop. Ryuga. Answer-7. Hyv Seeds are the seeds with high yield variety they produce a healthy and bigger crop.

Plants absorb water from the ground up through their roots. During photosynthesis, the energy from the sun splits the water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen.

Mr. Swaminathan is known as "Indian Father of Green Revolution"

The nutrients like carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur.

1. It improves soil structure

2. increases water capacity

3. It does not form toxins and pollution in environment

4. It is biodegradable and renewable

5.

1. Pollution

2. Aridity of land

Weeds are those unwanted plants that grow with main plant or crop in the field. they take up nutrients , space, light that is meant for main crop and are hence removed from time to time.

Naphthalene is one of the solid fumigant.

The signs of infestation are damage to store product, live or dead insects (small beetles and moths), larvae, pupae or silken webbing on food storage bins on shelves.

The diseases are swine flu outbreak, Ebola virus disease, salmonellosis and influenza.

The popular varieties of Aseel are Peela (Golden red), Yakub (Black and red), Nuri (White) and Kagar (Black).

Broiler chickens, or broilers, are a gallinaceous domesticated fowl, bred and raised specifically for meat production in the world.

The pullets, or juvenile hens in general start laying eggs at about 6 months of age, depending on the breed. Larger, heavier birds like Wyandottes, Plymouth Rocks and Orpingtons will lay on the later side whereas lighter, smaller breeds like Leghorns, Stars, and Australorps will start laying sooner.

Aquaculture refers to the breeding, rearing, and harvesting of plants and

animals in all types of water environments.

The names of six fishes used in composite fish culture in India are catla,rohu,mrigal,common carp and grass carp.

The Green Revolution is a term referring to the reformation of agricultural practices resulting in dramatic increases in crop yields.

The three patterns of cropping are mixed farming, multiple cropping and sole cropping.

Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) crop residue Black thorn (Acacia mellifera) and Cockspur grass (Echinochloa crusgalli) forage and straw are the fodder crops.

The name of the the technique is sustainable agriculture as it does not disturb the balance of nature and causes any harm.

The high yielding variety of rice is Ala, 1970.

A fertilizer that contains the three chief plant nutrients nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash is known as complete fertilizer.

Drip irrigation is the best system of irrigation as it prevents excess wastage of water.

Leguminous plants are used in crop rotation as they can provide nitrogen by fix it from the atmosphere.

Biological control is a method of controlling pests such as insects, mites, weeds and plant diseases using other organisms. It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory, or other natural mechanisms, but typically it also involves an active human management role.

For proper storage of grains the ideal moisture content is about 15% moisture content (wet basis) .

Rathi is the name of the cow breed having milch females.

Kankrej is the breed that provides draught animals.

The symptoms of foot and mouth disease are

● Fever.

● Blisters in the mouth and on feet.

● Drop in milk production.

● Weight loss.

● Loss of appetite.

● Quivering lips and frothing of mouth.

● Cows may develop blisters on teats.

● Lameness.

The normal core body temperature of a healthy, resting cow is stated on average to be 101.5 degrees Fahrenheit (38.6 degrees Celsius).

The two diseases of chicken are anemia Virus Infection (or CAV) and Chlamydiosis.

Vitamin A and Vitamin D occurs in abundance in fish liver oil.

Sugar is 82g per 1000 g of honey .

Nosema apis is a microsporidian, a small, unicellular parasite recently reclassified as a fungus that mainly affects honey bees. It causes nosemosis, also called nosema, which is the most common and widespread of adult honey bee diseases.

Kharif crops - Paddy, maize, millet, soybean, groundnut and cotton crops are Kharif crops.

Rabi crop - Wheat, barley, mustard, sesame and peas are Rabi crops.

The traits of parents chosen for selective breeding is disease resistance,high production and long lactation period.

Light and Temperature have a favourable effect on egg laying capacity of hens. If proper light and Temperature is maintained then the fowl can deliver good quality of progeny and eggs.

The different aspects of fish culture are:

Marine fisheries Aquaculture Inland fisheries Composite fish culture

Temperature - The food grains should be stored at the right temperature

Ventilation - The food grains should have ventilation so that they do not get rotten

humidity should prevent from humidity

The different to control insect pest infection includes:

1. Companion planting - Planting other crops to draw the insects away from the main crops, or cultivating insects or small animals which feed on the pests. It is little or no harmful effect on humans and agriculture, which makes it useful where other animals such as pets and livestock are present in the surroundings.

Chemical pest control methods have been used in an agricultural setting and within the household for a very long time. This often employs harsh pesticides that instantly eliminate pests upon application. These can either be applied systematically (targeting where plants are commonly ingested by pests) or to the entire crops as in the case of aerial spraying.

The disadvantages of chemical pest control method is that they also harm the beneficial organisms that help your crops grow and eliminate the pests. They release harmful toxins to the surroundings. Apart from that, human exposure to these pesticides can be very harmful.

By avoiding chemically loaded organically grown foods is the only way to avoid the cocktail of chemical poisons present in commercially grown food. The benefits organically grown food is that they have more nutrients—vitamins, minerals, enzymes, and micronutrient than commercially grown foods because the soil is managed and nourished with sustainable practices by responsible standards. Organically grown foods generally taste better because nourished, well balanced soil produces healthy, strong plants. They also preserve our ecosystems and also supports eco-sustenance, or farming in harmony with nature. Preservation of soil and crop rotation keep farmland healthy, and chemical abstinence preserves the ecosystem. Reduce pollution and protect water and soil.

Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries sectors play an important role in the national economy and in the socio-economic development of the country. These sectors supplement family incomes and generating gainful employment in the rural sector, particularly, among the landless laborers, small and marginal farmers and women, besides providing cheap nutritional food to millions of people.Animal Husbandry sector provides large self-employment opportunities.