Improvement In Food Resources

Sunflower oil is the non-volatile oil compressed from the seeds of sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Sunflower oil is commonly used in food as a frying oil, and in cosmetic formulations as an emollient.

black gram, black lentil, It is one of the important pulse crop grown throughout India.

Generally it is consumed in the form of ‘Dal’. It contains protein (25%), carbohydrates (60%), fat (1.3%) and rich in phosphoric acid. It accounts 13 % total pulses area and 10 % total pulses production in India.

White revolution, blue revolution and sustainable agricultural activities have led to improvement in agricultural products.

All of the above

Hybridization and GMO Crops genetically modified crops have led to increase in the crop production by combining the best combinations desired in the crops.

Weeds take up space light and nutrients meant for the main crop. They deprive the main crop of essential nutrients and reduce its yield.

Honey bee is eusocial, creating colonies with a single fertile female (or "queen"), many sterile females or "workers", and small proportion of fertile males or "drones". It is one of the first domesticated insects, and is the primary species maintained by beekeepers to this day for both its honey and pollination services.

Manure is organic matter, mostly derived from animal feces except in the case of green manure, which can be used as organic fertilizer in agriculture. Manures contribute to the fertility of the soil by adding organic matter and nutrients, such as nitrogen, that are trapped by bacteria in the soil.

Cattle husbandry helps us in developing high yielding breeds of various domestic animals through cross breeding. Thus, animal husbandry increases the availability of various food products such as milk, eggs and meat, which are obtained from domestic animals.

Indian cattle (Bos indicus) and riverine buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) give a poor yield of milk but it has a high fat and protein percentage compared to taurine cattle.

Jersey cattle are a small breed of dairy cattle. It is popular for the high butterfat content of its milk and the lower maintenance costs attending its lower body weight.

Brown Swiss is a North American breed of dairy cattle. It derives from the Alpine Braunvieh. After the Holstein Friesian, it has the second-highest annual milk yield, over 9,000 kg. The Brown Swiss originated on the slopes of the Alps in Switzerland; because they were bred in this harsh climate, they are resistant to the heat, cold and many other common cattle problems.

Poultry farming. Poultry farming is the process of raising domesticated birds such as chickens, ducks, turkeys and geese for the purpose of farming meat or eggs for food. More than 50 billion chickens are raised annually as a source of food, for both their meat and their eggs.

An infectious disease is any disease caused by invasion of a host by a pathogen which subsequently grows and multiplies in the body. Infectious diseases are often contagious, which means they can be spread directly or indirectly from one living thing to another. These include Avian Encephalomyelitis, Avian Influenza, Avian Tuberculosis, Chicken Anaemia Virus Infection (or CAV), Chlamydiosis, Egg Drop Syndrome (or EDS), Fowl Cholera (or Pasteurellosis), Fowl Pox, Infectious Bronchitis.

Fish that are known as surface feeders all have a back that is perfectly straight, this allows for their upturned mouths to easily get right on the surface and scoop up the food, in their natural habitat they would do this to eat insects on the water surface.

Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals by human beings, in which genetic qualities and behavior, considered to be advantageous to humans, are further developed.

NPK fertilizers are three-component fertilizers providing nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Iron for plants can come from a number of sources. Ferric oxide is a chemical present in soil that gives dirt a distinctive red color, and plants can absorb iron from this chemical.

Proper storage of grains leads to maintenance of productivity. Grains also if stored properly can be saved from insects, pathogens and decomposition.

The above matched column show the name of different species of fish and their characteristics as per their feeding zones.

(a) Protein

The pigeon pea plant is extensively cultivated in different parts of India. Pigeon Peas are high in nutritional elements. Following is a list of nutritional content in per 168 g or 1 cup of pigeon peas.

(b) Fodder

Berseem is one of the most important fodder crops and has been rightly described as the king of fodders. It is highly esteemed fodder which has a special place in animal husbandry programmes throughout the country does not tolerate acidic soils but grows in other kinds of soils except user lands. The crop is sown from middle of September to end of October in plains and from middle of August to first week of September in hills. Berseem is highly palatable fodder and it contains 17% crude protein and 25.9% crude fibre. The total digestible nutrients content is 60-65%.

(c) Kharif

Kharif crops grow during the rainy seasons. They are sown at the start of the monsoon and harvested at the end of the monsoon season. Example is Paddy, Maize and Millet etc.

(d) Vegetables

Vegetables can be eaten either raw or cooked and play an important role in human nutrition, being mostly low in fat and carbohydrates, but high in vitamins, minerals and dietary fiber. Many nutritionists encourage people to consume plenty of fruit and vegetables.

(e) Rabi

The major rabi crop in India is wheat, followed by barley, mustard, sesame and peas. Rabi crops (Winter crops): Crops which are grown during the winter season(October-March) are called Rabi crops.

Crop which has been developed by introducing a new gene from any other source, to obtain the desired character, is called as genetically modified (GM) crop. Bt Cotton is an example of GM crop which is made insect- resistant by introducing a new gene from a bacteria.

The useful traits of improved crops are

(a) higher yield

(b) improved nutritional quality

(c) resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

(d) change in maturity

(e) wide range of adaptability

(f) desired agronomic characteristics.

The Organic matter is important for crops because

(a) it helps in improving soil structure.

(b) it helps in increasing water holding capacity of sandy soil.

(c) in clayey soil large quantity of organic matter helps in drainage and in avoiding water logging.

The excess use of fertilizers causes environmental pollution as their residual and unused amounts will become pollutants for air, water and soil.

(a) Organic Farming.

Organic farming is an alternative agricultural system which originated early in the 20th century in reaction to rapidly changing farming practices. Organic agriculture continues to be developed by various organic agriculture organizations today. It relies on fertilizers of organic origin such as compost, manure, green manure, and bone meal and places emphasis on techniques such as crop rotation and companion planting. Biological pest control, mixed cropping and the fostering of insect predators are encouraged.

(b) Mixed cropping.

Mixed farming exists in many forms depending on external and internal factors. External factors are weather patterns, market prices, political stability, technological developments, etc. Internal factors relate to local soil characteristics, composition of the family and farmers' ingenuity. Farmers can decide to opt for mixed enterprises when they want to save resources by interchanging them on the farm - because these permit wider crop rotations and thus reduce dependence on chemicals, because they consider mixed systems closer to nature, or because they allow diversification for better risk management.

(c) Intercropping

Intercropping is a multiple cropping practice involving growing two or more crops in proximity. The most common goal of intercropping is to produce a greater yield on a given piece of land by making use of resources or ecological processes that would otherwise not be utilized by a single crop.

(d) Crop rotation.

The growing of different crops in succession on a piece of land to avoid exhausting the soil and to control weeds, pests, and diseases.

(e) Weeds

Weeds are plants that grow near the main crop and take up the nutrients, soil and water of the main crop. They also deprive main plant of nutrition.

(f) Pathogen.

An agent that causes infection or disease, especially a microorganism, such as a bacterium or protozoan, or a virus. Examples Nematodes, Protozoa and Algae.

The above listed names in the column are the animals that are categorized into milk and meat producing animals. These animals are also used in farms as draught animals.

Farmers of low rainfall area will be suggested to

(a) practice farming with drought resistant and early maturing varieties of crops.

(b) to enrich the soil with more humus content as it increases the water- holding capacity and retains water for longer duration.

The correct answer is

(1) Energy yielding— wheat, rice, maize

(2) Protein yielding— gram, pigeon gram, lentil, soybean

(3) Oil yielding— groundnut, castor, mustard, soybean

(4) Fodder crops— berseem, oat, sudan grass

Different plants are categorized as per the kind of product they yield. If a plant yield energy after consumption then it is known as energy yielding plant.

Hybridisation— Hybridisation refers to crossing between genetically dissimilar organisms.

Photoperiod— Duration of sunlight available to the plant is called as photoperiod. It affects the growth, flowering and maturation of crops.

(a) Flowering of plant

Photoperiodism is the physiological reaction of organisms to the length of day or night. It occurs in plants and animals. Photoperiodism can also be defined as the developmental responses of plants to the relative lengths of light and dark periods.

(b) June to October.

The kharif crops include rice, maize, sorghum, pearl millet/bajra, finger millet/ragi (cereals), arhar (pulses), soyabean, groundnut (oilseeds), cotton etc.

(c) November to April

The rabi crops include wheat, barley, oats (cereals), chickpea/gram (pulses), linseed, mustard (oilseeds) etc.

(d) Kharif

(e) Rabi

The different crops and cultivation practices require different climatic conditions, temperature, photoperiod for their growth and completion of life cycle. There are some crops which are grown in rainy season (Kharif crops) while some others are grown during winter season (Rabi crops).

(a) 16.

Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), and Sulfur (S), Boron (B), Chlorine (CI), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Molybdenum (Mo), and Zinc (Zn).

(b) Carbon and Oxygen

In photosynthesis, sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide are combined in special cells inside the plant. Glucose is one product of photosynthesis. Glucose is a sugar that plants can use for energy. Plants release oxygen as a waste product.

(c) Hydrogen

Hydrogen also is necessary for building sugars and building the plant. It is obtained almost entirely from water.

(c) 13

Soil is an important factor that provides essential nutrients to soil.

(d) Six, Macronutrients

The major macronutrients are nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K). Calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S) are also macronutrients.

(e) Seven, Micronutrients

Boron (B), Zinc (Zn), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Molybdenum (Mo), Chlorine (Cl).

Compost — Compost formation is the process in which farm waste materials like livestock excreta, vegetable wastes, animal refuse, domestic waste, straw, eradicated weeds are decomposed and used as manure.

Vermicompost — The compost prepared from organic matter by using earthworm which hastens the process of decomposition.

The correct answer and sequence is

(b) Green plants are cultivated for preparing manure or crop plant parts are used.

(c) Plants are ploughed and mixed into the soil.

(a) Green plants are decomposed in soil.

(d) After decomposition it becomes green manure.

Merits of Italian bee variety A. mellifera are as follows

(a) It stings less.

(b) It has high honey collection capacity.

(c) It stays in given bee-hive for long periods and breeds very well.

In agricultural practices, higher input gives higher yield. This means higher money input to raise the yield. Financial conditions of the farmers allows them to take up different farming practices and technologies. The farmer’s purchasing capacity for input decides cropping system and production practices.

Hybridisation refers to crossing between genetically dissimilar plants. It may be inter varietal, interspecific and intergeneric. Two crops of good characters (desired character) are selected and crossed to obtain a new crop having desired characters of parental crops. This method of hybridisation improves crops with respect to yield, disease resistance, pest resistance etc.

(i) Vermicompost — Compost is a kind of manure which is rich in organic matter and nutrients. The compost prepared by using earthworms to haste the process of decomposition of plants and animals refuse is called as Vermicompost.

(ii) Bio fertilizer — Living organisms which are used as fertilizer to supply the nutrients to plants, are called as biofertilizers. For example, blue green algae, which fix nitrogen in soil, rice fields, are called as biofertilizer.

(iii) Green manure — The manure which is prepared by decomposing green plants in field itself is called green manure. For example — sunn hemp is grown in fields, mulched by ploughing and allowed to decompose in field for the preparation of green manure.

The various modes of weed control are

(a) mechanical removal

(b) proper seedbed preparation to avoid the weed growth

(c) timely sowing of crop to avoid the growth of weed.

(d) intercropping and crop rotation also help in weed control.

(i) The Capture fishery is the method of obtaining fish from natural resources like river and sea.

Culture fishery is the method of obtaining fish by fish farming like ponds, lakes etc.

(ii) The mixed cropping is growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land; while intercropping is growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same field in a definite pattern. i.e., in different rows.

(iii) The beekeeping is the practice to rear the honey bee for obtaining honey on commercial basis.

Poultry farming is the practice to raise the domestic fowl for egg and meat production.

The demerits of fish culture are

(i) threat to biodiversity

(ii) only economically important and valued fishes will be cultured.

The merits of fish culture are

(i) large amount of desired fishes can be obtained in small area

(ii) improvement can be done.

Composite fish culture is the method to culture five or six species, both indigenous and exotic, together in a single fish pond. These species are selected so that they do not compete for food among themselves having different types of food habits. As a result food available in all the parts of the pond is used. For example— Catlas are surface feeders, Rohu is middle zone feeder and Madrigals and common carps are bottom feeders.

beekeeping should be done in good pasturage because good pasturage provides more quantity and quality of nectar for honey to honey bees. Honey bees can get amples of vegetation to search for juices.

The modes by which insects affect the crop yield are cutting plant parts, sucking cell sap and borers.

Pesticides are used in very accurate concentration and in a very appropriate manner, because if used in excess it

(a) harms the soil and causes loss of fertility

(b) checks the replenishment of organic matter

(c) kills the micro organism of soil

(d) causes air, water and soil pollution.

(i) Roughage is largely fibre. (ii) Concentrates are rich in proteins and nutrients.

Maintenance of temperature is needed for better egg production by poultry birds. Therefore, larger size (increase in surface area of body) and no adaptability of summer may cause decline in egg production. To obtain the smaller size and higher summer adaptability, cross breeding of poultry birds are done. Small size is also needed for better housing and low feed.

Some preventive measures of poultry bird diseases are

(a) cleaning of poultry farms

(b) proper sanitation of poultry farms

(c) spraying of disinfectants at regular intervals

(d) appropriate vaccination of birds.

i) With addition of chemical fertilizer there is sudden increase in yield due to release of nutrients N,P,K etc in high quantity. The gradual decline in the graph may be due to continuous use and high quantity of chemicals which kill microbes useful for replenishing the organic matter in the soil. This decreases the soil fertility.

(ii) Manures supply small quantities of nutrients to the soil slowly as it contains large amounts of organic matter [Hint: importance of organic matter can be included]. It enriches soil with nutrients thereby increasing soil fertility continuously.

(iii) The difference in the two graphs indicate that use of manure is beneficial for long duration in cropping as the yield tends to remain high when the quantity of manure increases.

In case of Plot B the chemical fertilizers may cause various problems when used continuously for long time. Loss of microbial activity reduces decomposition of organic matter and as a result soil fertility is lost that affects the yield in long run.