Diversity In Living Organisms

Monerans do not possess well-defined nucleus and membrane bound cell organelles like mitochondria, lysosomes, etc.

Pteridophyta and gymnosperms have a specialised tissue for the conduction of water and other substances from one part of the plant body to another.

The plants of this group bear naked seeds and are usually perennial, evergreen and woody.

Dogfish is a true fish as it has all the characters which a fish has like streamlined body, cartilaginous endoskeleton, gill slits, fins, etc.

These are exclusively free-living marine animals. They are triploblastic and have a coelomic cavity.

Arthropods and Molluscs have open circulatory system.

In arthropods, the open circulatory system is present and so the coelomic cavity is filled with blood.

Elephantiasis disease of human beings is caused by a filarial worm, Wuchereria.

The characteristic features of a vertebrate is the presence of notochord. The notochord is a mesodermally derived rod-like structure that runs along back of the animal separating the nervous tissue from the gut.

The skin of Pisces and Reptiles is covered with scales. Amphibians skin is moist without scales. The skin of mammals is covered with hair.

Fishes, amphibians, and reptiles are not oviparous. They lay eggs.

The plant body of pteridophytes is differentiated into roots, stem, and leaves but they do not have flowers.

Members of the phylum Porifera are commonly known as sponges. They are generally marine and mostly asymmetrical animals. Example- Spongilla

Filaria (Wuchereria) belongs to Phylum Nematoda. It causes an Elephantiasis disease in human beings.

The amphibian skin is moist (without scales). They have mucus glands in their skin. The heart is three chambered and respiration through either gills or lungs.

The organisms which do not possess a well defined nucleus and membrane bound cell organelles are grouped under the kingdom Monera. Carl Woese divided the Monera kingdom into Archaea and Eubacteria (cyano bacteria).

The criteria which are used for classification of organisms are presence or absence well-defined nucleus and membrane-bound cell organelles (cell structure), Body design of the organism and the ability to produce one’s own food.

Protochordates are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and coelomate. They have a closed circulatory system. Example- Amphioxus

Echinoderms have tube feet that help in respiration and locomotion.

Some of the cnidarians that live in colonies (corals) while others have a solitary like–span (Hydra).

Binomial nomenclature was proposed by Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778). It is a simplified system of naming organisms. Under the Binomial system of nomenclature, each organism has a scientific name consisting of two parts. First part is genus and second part is the species. For example, the scientific name of mango is Mangifera indica.

Fishes have two chambered heart-one auricle and one ventricle.

Cartilaginous fishes have an endoskeleton made up of cartilage, e.g., Scoliodon (dog fish) shark Torpedo, sting ray etc.

Nereis, earthworm, and leech are annelids while Urchins is not an annelid. Sea urchin belongs to Phylum Echinodermata.

The book Systema Naturae was written by Carolus Linnaeus in 1735. He described his binomial system of classification in this book.

Carl von Linnaeus is known as Father of Taxonomy.

Coelenterates are multicellular, diploblastic and acoelomate animals having tissue level of organization i.e., they lack true organs, Mollusca, Arthropoda and Echinodermata have organ level of organization.

Echinodermata animals have hard calcium carbonate structures that they use as a skeleton.

Leech belongs to Phylum Annelida. They have metameric segmentation i.e., their body is divided into segments which are identical to each other and bear set of organs in each segment.

In taxonomic hierarchy family comes between order and genus. The family has a group of related genera with still less number of similarities as compared to genus and species.

R.H. Whittaker proposed five kingdom classification system. The five kingdoms are Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

The organisms which do not possess a well-defined nucleus and membrane bound cell organelles are grouped under the kingdom Monera. Eg., blue green algae.

Charles Darwin (1859) has described the idea of evolution in book “The origin of species”.

Arthropoda is the largest phylum which includes insects. The body of arthropods is covered by a chitinous exoskeleton. They have jointed appendages (arthros-joint, poda-appendages).

(a) True, R.H. Whittaker proposed five kingdom classification system.

(b) True, Carl Woese divided the Monera kingdom into Archaebacteria and Eubacteria.

(c) False, Species is the basic and lowest taxonomic category. Genus comprises a group of related species.

(d) True, Anabaena belongs to the kingdom Monera.

(e) False, blue green algae belong to kingdom Monera.

(f) True, All the prokaryotic including bacteria and blue green algae belong to Kingdom Monera.

(a) Saprotrophic

(b) chitin

(c) Lichens

(d) Carbohydrate

(e) Species

(f) Thallophyta

(g) Bryophyta

Monocot – Wheat, maize, rice

Dicot – Pea, gram, pumpkin.

(a)-B; (b) -A; (c) -D; (d) -C; (e) -F; (f) -E; (g)-G

(a) : C

(b) : B

(c) : F

(d) : A

(e) : E

(f) : D

Cartilaginous fishes- Dog fish, Torpedo, Sting ray

Bony fishes - Rohu, Angler fish, Exocoetus

Two chambered heart- Rohu, Scoliodon

Three chambered heart – Frog, Salamander, Flying lizard, King Cobra

Four chambered heart- Crocodile, Ostrich, Pigeon, Bat, Whale

Cold blooded animals - Rohu, Scoliodon, Flying lizard, King cobra, Frog, Salamander, Crocodile

Warm blooded animals - Ostrich, Pigeon, Bat, Whale
Note: Cold-blooded creatures take on the temperature of their surroundings. They are hot when their environment is hot and cold when their environment is cold. In hot environments, cold-blooded animals can have blood that is much warmer than warm-blooded animals.

Platypus and the echidna.

(a) Five kingdom classification of living organisms is given by Robert Whittaker
(b) Basic smallest unit of classification is Species

(c) Prokaryotes are grouped in Kingdom Monera

(d) Paramecium is a protista because of its eukaryotic unicellular organisms

(e) Fungi do not contain chlorophyll

(f) A fungus mushroom can be seen without microscope.

(g) Common fungi used in preparing the bread is yeast

(h) Algae and fungi form symbiotic association called lichens

(a) False

The gymnosperms have naked seeds whereas the angiosperms have seeds inside the fruits.

(b) True,

Non-flowering plants are called Cryptogamae.

(c) False

Bryophytes do not have specialised tissue for the conduction of water and other substances from one part of the plant body to another.

(d) True
Funaria is an example of bryophyte and is a moss.

(e) True
Compound leaves are found in many ferns.

(f) True
Seeds contain embryo.

(a) Bilateral, dorsiventral symmetry is found in Platyhelmihthes-liver flukes

(b) Worms causing disease elephantiasis is Wuchereria (Filaria worm )

(c) Open circulatory system is found in Arthropods where coelomic cavity is filled with blood.

(d) Nematodes are known to have pseudocoelom

(a) Dorsal fin

Function of the dorsal fin - To stabilize the animal against rolling and to assist in sudden turns.

(b) Caudal fin

Functionof caudal fin - In most fish, caudal or tail fin is the main propelling fin and helps in changing direction.

(c) Anal fin

Function of anal fin: To stabilize the fish while swimming.

(d) Pelvic fin

Function of Pelvic fin: To balance the fish and prevent it from rolling from side to side.

(a) Thallophyta

(b) Without specialized vascular tissue

(c) Pteridophyta

(d) Phanerogams

(e) Bear naked seeds

(f) Angiosperms

(g) Have seeds with two cotyledons

(h) Monocots

Thallophyta is the division of plants that has the simplest organisms. The organisms of this division are commonly called algae. Examples are Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Cladophora and Chara.
A labelled diagram of spirogyra is shown below:

Thallophyta, bryophyta and pteridophyta have naked embryo that are called spores. The reproductive organs of these three groups are very inconspicuous or hidden, and they are therefore called ‘cryptogamae’. On the other hand, phanerogams (gymnosperms and angiosperms) have well differentiated reproductive organs and covered embryo having stored food.

(a) Bilateral symmetry: When the body is divided into identical left and right halves in only one plane, it is called bilateral symmetry. E.g., Annelida

(b) Coelom: It is the body cavity which is filled with a fluid and is lined by mesoderm. Animals possessing coelom are called coelomates, e.g., annelids, molluscs, arthropods, echinoderms.

(c) Triploblastic: Animals having three germinal layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm) are called triploblastic. Example: Nematoda.

The organisms given in the question are not belong to the same group. Leech and nereis belong to the phylum Annelida while scolopendra, prawn and scorpion belong to the phylum Arthropoda. The distinguish features of both the phylum are given below:

Mango tree is more complex and evolved because it is a eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic terrestrial plant. It is also called flowering plant as its reproductive organs are aggregated in a flower. Bacteria is a unicellular prokaryotic organism and fungi (mushroom) is a heterotrophic eukaryotic organism with no body differentiation. Therefore, both of these are simple organism.

Flying lizard belong to class Reptilia while bird belongs to class Aves.

Cat, bat and rat belong to the class-Mammalia and have following common features:

● All have notochord at some stage of life cycle.

● All are warm-blooded animals.

● All have four-chambered heart.

● All have mammary glands for the production of milk to nourish their young.

● All have skin covered with hairs as well as sweat and oil glands.

● All respire through lungs.

Snake and turtle are kept in the same class Reptilia because both

(i) are cold-blooded animals.

(ii) have scales as outer covering.

(iii) respire through lungs.

(iv) have three-chambered heart.

(v) lay eggs with tough outer covering.