Coal And Petroleum

Plastic is a man-made material and it is not obtained from nature whereas minerals, water, soil are obtained from nature.

Sunlight is an example of inexhaustible natural resource as it is present in unlimited quantity and cannot be exhausted due to human activities.

Wildlife and minerals are exhaustible natural resources as they are present in limited quantity in nature and can be exhausted due to human activities.

When natural gas is compressed applying pressure it is called CNG. Whereas coke, coal tar, coal gas etc. are the products obtained from coal.

Exhaustible natural resources are limited in quantity and can be exhausted due to human activities.

Fossil fuels are formed from dead remains of living organisms like plants, animals etc under high pressure, high temperature and absence of air.

The dead plants buried under the surface of earth under high pressure, temperature and in absence of air slowly convert into coal.

Coal is formed from dead plants buried deep under earth’s surface by carbonization process.

One of the useful compounds obtained from coal tar is naphthalene and due to its strong smell it acts as a moth repellant. It is kept in cupboards containing clothes, books etc to prevent damage due to attack of moths.

Coke is a product obtained from coal whereas the rest are obtained by refining of petroleum through fractional distillation.

Petroleum is obtained from dead remains of sea animals which settled at the bottom of sea and under high pressure, temperature and in absence of air converts into petroleum.

When natural gas is compressed under high pressure it is called CNG which is a clean fuel used in vehicles.

Decantation process is used to separate a mixture of petroleum and water. Petroleum being lighter will form the top layer above water layer and can be poured to another container carefully without disturbing the bottom layer.

CNG stands for Compressed Natural Gas. It is considered as a better fuel than petrol because it is a clean fuel and does not produce smoke, there is no residues left after burning, there is less chance of air pollution, it is easy to transport through pipelines and produce a lot of heat energy when burnt.

Kerosene is the petroleum product used as fuel for stoves, lamps and jet aircrafts. It is obtained through refining of petroleum by fractional distillation.

a) Fuels

Coal produces heat energy when burnt so it can be used as a good fuel to cook food.

b) Carbon dioxide

Coal is a form of carbon so when it burns in air, it reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide gas.

c) liquid, unpleasant

Coal tar is one of the products of coal which is a black, thick fluid having unpleasant smell which is used for metalling roads.

d) Coal, natural gas

They are fossil fuels as they are obtained from dead remains of plants, animals.

e) Exhaustible

They are present in limited quantity in nature and can be exhausted by human activities.

a) Coal

Coal is formed deep under the surface of earth which is obtained by digging them. The places where coal are found are known as coal mines.

b) Petroleum

Petroleum is formed from dead remains of plants and animals and hence are known as fossil fuels.

c) Refinery

The various products are obtained from petroleum by refining process in a refinery. The products are obtained by fractional distillation process.

d) Kerosene

Kerosene is a product obtained by refining of petroleum which is used as a fuel in jet crafts, stoves, lamps etc.

e) Sunlight

Sunlight is available in unlimited quantity in nature and cannot be exhausted by human activities. So it is an inexhaustible natural resource.

a) Carbonization

Carbonization is the process of slow conversion of dead plants into coal under high pressure, temperature and in absence of air.

b) Fossil fuels

Coal and petroleum are known as fossil fuels as they are obtained from dead remains of plants and animals.

c) Unpleasant

Coal tar is a product of coal which is a thick black liquid with unpleasant smell used for road surfacing.

d) Coal gas

Coal gas is a product of coal which is a gaseous fuel obtained during processing of coal to get coke.

e) Refining

Refining is the process of separating various components of petroleum in a refinery and this method employs fractional distillation technique.

f) Air pollution

Fossil fuels mainly contain carbon and burning of these fuels release carbon dioxide gas which causes air pollution.

(a) False,

Oxygen in air is an inexhaustible natural resource as it is present in unlimited quantity in nature and cannot be exhausted by human activities.

(b) False

Inexhaustible natural resources are present in unlimited quantity in nature and cannot be exhausted by human activities.

(c) True

They are limited in number and can be exhausted as a result of human activities so it is a exhaustible natural resource.

(d) True

The dead remains of plants buried under earth’s surface under high pressure and temperature and in absence of air slowly convert into coal.

(e) True.

CNG is compressed natural gas formed under high pressure and when it burns it does not produce smoke. After burning it does not leave any solid residues behind so it is a clean fuel and is less polluting than petrol or diesel.

Sunlight and air are present in unlimited quantity in nature and cannot be exhausted due to human activities. So they are called inexhaustible natural resources.

Exhaustible resources are coal, natural gas, petroleum, minerals, forests. They are present in limited quantity and are exhausted by human activities.

Inexhaustible resources are air, sunlight, oxygen. They are present in unlimited quantity and cannot be exhausted by human activities.

Two important uses of coke are it is used as a reducing agent in the extraction of metals like iron, zinc etc. It is used in the manufacture of steel.

Some characteristics of coal is it is black in colour and hard. Some important uses of coal are

a) It is used as a fuel in thermal power plants to produce electricity.

b) Used as a fuel for cooking.

c) Used to obtain products like coal tar, coke, coal gas.

d) Used as a fuel in many industries.

Oil layer is above water layer as it is lighter than water so it will float above the water layer.

About 300 million years ago the earth had dense Forests in low lying wetland areas. Due to natural processes, like Floods, earthquakes, volcanoes, these forests got burried under the Earth’s surface. As more Soil deposited over them, they were compressed. The Temperature also rose as they sank deeper and deeper. Under high Pressure and high Temperature, dead plants got slowly converted into coal.

The above passage gives detail about the process of formation of coal. Before 300 million years, dense forests due to natural phenomenon like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods etc. get buried under the surface of the earth. Soil gets deposits over them and they get compressed. As they are pressed more deep into earth’s surface the temperature increases. Due to high temperature and pressure, they slowly get converted into coal by carbonization process.

a – iii

Bitumen is a petroleum product used for surfacing of roads.

b – iv

Natural gas when compressed under high pressure, it is called CNG.

c – i

Petroleum is called black gold because when it is extracted from earth’s surface it is black in colour and on refining we obtain many useful products which have high commercial values.

d – ii

Paraffin wax is obtained from the refining of petroleum and is used for making candles, vaselines, ointments etc.

When coal is processed in industry various products like coal tar, coal gas and coke are obtained.

Uses of coke are as a fuel, in the manufacture of steel and as a reducing agent in the extraction of metals like iron, zinc etc.

Coal tar is used for metalling roads, various compounds like phenol, toluene, benzene, naphthalene, aniline are present in it. It is used as a starting material in various industries like drugs, explosives, synthetic dyes, perfumes, plastics etc.

Coal gas is used as a fuel in many industries and for lightning purposes.

Fossil fuels are formed under earth’s surface from dead remains of plants and animals. It is a very slow process and it takes millions of years to be formed. If they will be consumed at a very faster rate then the rate at which they are formed, they soon will get exhausted. Our future generations will not be able to make use of them as it takes millions of years to be formed. So it is said that fossil fuels will last only for a few hundred years.

Fossil fuels are carbonaceous compounds which when burning in air releases carbon dioxide gas, the main gas which causes global warming. This gas traps heat rays of the sun inside the surface of the earth and thus increases the temperature. This is called Greenhouse effect and consequence of this effect is global warming. The temperature of the earth will rise gradually.

The tips to follow are:

a) Drive at constant or moderate speed.

b) Checking pressure of tyres at regular intervals.

c) Regular servicing and maintenance of vehicles.

d) Switch off engines of vehicles at traffic signals.

No, survival of living beings would not be possible. Exhaustible natural resources include fossil fuels, wildlife, forests, minerals etc. which has a great importance in our life. If they will be exhausted the ecological balance cannot be maintained. For example- Forests which is an important natural resource that causes rainfall, prevents soil erosion, floods, provide oxygen, valuable products etc. We cannot imagine our life without them. Similarly, if wildlife gets exhausted the balance of our nature will get disturbed. Fossil fuels are an important source of energy for us. Without them, we have to opt for alternative sources of energy which is not easy and expensive.

Petrol is a fossil fuel which is present in limited quantity in nature and can be exhausted by human activities but sunlight is present in unlimited quantity in nature and cannot be exhausted by human activities. So petrol is exhaustible natural resource, whereas sunlight is not.

Some important uses of various constituents of petroleum are as under:

Yes, this is a case of concern as coal is one of the important fossil fuels and it takes millions of years to be formed. This is also an exhaustible natural resource so we have to use it judiciously so that it can be available for our future generations as well. If we will go on consuming it at a faster rate then it might get exhausted very soon as the rate at which it is formed is very slow.

The steps for judicious use of fossil fuels are:

a) Use of alternative sources of energy like solar energy.

b) We can opt for car pooling.

c) We can use public transport.

d) We can either walk or use the cycle to travel short distances.

e) We should handle these fuels efficiently during transport minimizing their loss.

1) Fossil fuels

Fossil fuels are obtained from dead remains of living organisms i.e. plants or animals. Examples are coal, petroleum, natural gas etc.

2) Refining

The various constituents of petroleum are separated by refining process in a refinery. This method employs fractional distillation technique. Petrol, diesel, kerosene, paraffin wax, LPG etc. are obtained by this process.

3) Coke

Coke is a product obtained by destructive distillation of coal. It is a tough, porous and black solid substance used as a fuel.

4) Petrol

Petrol is commonly used as a fuel in vehicles which is known as motor fuel.

5) Coal

Coal is obtained by slow decomposition of dead remains of plants under earth’s surface in absence of air under high pressure and temperature. This process is called carbonization.

6) Diesel

Diesel is used as a fuel for heavy motor vehicles. It is one of the product obtained from refining of petroleum.

7) Bitumen

Bitumen is obtained by refining of petroleum which is used for metalling the roads.

8) Petroleum

Petroleum is obtained from dead remains of sea animals which settled down in the bottom of sea and get covered with sand, mud, clay. Due to high pressure, temperature and in absence of air they slowly gets converted into petroleum.