Transportation In Animals And Plants

Urine formation takes place in the kidneys. This formed urine is then transported to the urinary bladder by the ureters, where it is stored. This stored urine is then passed out of the body by an opening in a muscular tube-like structure, called urethra.

Phloem tissue forms a pipe like a network of specialized cells that transport the food from leaves to all other parts of the plant. It is a two-way traffic i.e from leaves to parts of plants present upward and downward which are roots.

Xylem, which with phloem forms the vascular tissue, transports the water absorbed by roots to the leaves. It forms a one-way path in plants. Root hairs increase the surface area of absorption of water by the roots.

Capillaries are very thin walled, small vessels which form a network in the tissues for the absorption of nutrients and exchange of respiratory gases between the tissue and blood. They form a bridge between an artery and a vein.

The heart is the major pumping organ of the human circulatory system, that pumps blood to all body organs. The arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart and the veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart.

Sweat glands are responsible for releasing a salt and water mixture, from most parts of our body. They are the reason we keep sweating continuously and get those stains on our shirts on a hot summer day! Sweat glands are present in most of our body parts, except the lips and the genital area, therefore we do not sweat from those regions.

Due to loss of water by transpiration, the leaves of plants create a suction, or a sucking force, which has the strength to pull water up to greater height. The conduction and transportation forces can pull water up to small heights, but they are weak forces and cannot pull water up in tall trees. Gravitational force pulls water downwards, towards the soil.

The availability of water in surroundings decides the way in which animals excrete their waste from the body. As the aquatic animals have plenty of water around them, they excrete their wastes as Ammonia, in gaseous form, as it is easily soluble in water.

Veins transport blood from all other organs to the heart. As the heart is located in the upper region of the body, most of the blood carried by veins is from the lower organs, upwards, i.e. against the normal gravitational force. Therefore, they have valves to prevent back flow of blood due to gravity.

The arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to all other organs, i.e. from the upper part of the body, to the lower organs. In this, they are helped by the gravitational force and by the pressure difference between the two organs. The blood in arteries flows at a very high pressure. Thus, the arteries are aided by a number of factors that would carry blood in one direction only. Thus, they don’t require valves.

The human heart is a muscular organ, divided into four chambers by a muscular wall-like structures. The upper two chambers are called the atrium , and the lower two are called ventricles. This clear division of heart into compartments prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

The heart is located in the chest cavity with its lower tip slightly tilted towards the left. It is the major pumping, muscular organ of the human circulatory system.

This setup shows the cell to cell transport of water in plants up to small distances.

The correct order of formation and removal of urine in human beings should be as follows:

(d) Blood containing useful and harmful substances reaches the kidneys for filtration.

(e) Useful substances are absorbed back into the blood.

(b) Wastes dissolved in water is filtered out as urine in the kidneys.

(a) ureters carry urine to the urinary bladder.

(c) Urine stored in the urinary bladder is passed out through the urinary opening at the end of the urethra.

Thus, the correct sequence would be d, e, b, a, c.

There are both the possibilities.

1. As most of the root tips with root hairs got left behind, the plant would not be able to absorb an adequate amount of water and nutrients from the soil, and therefore may die.

2. If the stem of the rose plant is cut, and then planted in the soil, it may develop new roots and root hairs, which will help it to absorb the required amount of water and nutrients and the plant may survive.

In both the situations, the type of soil on which the plant is grown is very important. The soil must be suitable for roses to grow.

(a) The pulmonary artery is the only artery that carries carbon dioxide-rich blood.

(b) The main function of arteries is to carry blood away from the heart, towards the other organs. As the pulmonary artery carries blood away from the heart, to the lungs, it is called an artery.

(a) The process of filtration of blood by an artificial kidney is called dialysis.

(b) In some people, the kidneys stop working, due to some injury or infection. In such patients, the blood is not filtered and the wastes start accumulating in the body, which may be toxic. Therefore, it becomes necessary to filter blood artificially. And hence, dialysis is done.

(a) Carbon dioxide is removed by exchange of gases during respiration by lungs.

(b) The undigested food is removed from the body by excretion, performed by the excretory system of the body. The food is removed through an opening called anus.

(c) Urine is also removed by excretion, by the kidneys. It is expelled out of the body by the urethra.

(d) Sweat is removed by sweat glands in the process of excretion.

(a) The given instrument is a stethoscope.

(b) A – Diaphragm or Chest piece

B- Tubing

C- Earpiece, or Ear tips.

The labelled diagram of stethoscope is given below:

The reason behind the transport of water to greater heights in tall plants is the suction force created by transpiration.

When water is lost by the plants through leaves by transpiration, it creates a sucking or suction pressure in the plants, due to which the absorption of water in the roots is enhanced and the absorbed water is carried or pulled upwards. It is a very strong force.

The correct matches should be as follows:

(i) - (a)

(ii) - (d)

(iii) – (f)

(iv) – (b)

(v) - (e)

(vi) – (c)

The complete circulation cycle is given below:

(a) arteries, atria, capillaries, veins, heart

(b) ureter, kidneys, urethra, urinary bladder

(c) root hairs, xylem, phloem .

The filled-up blanks are:

a) Arteries

b) Veins

c) Veins

d) Arteries

e) Arteries

f) Veins

g) Arteries

h) Veins

The heart diagram is shown below:

a) The bleeding stopped because of the formation of a blood clot, which plugged the wound to stop the flow of blood.

b) The wound area would be dark red to brownish in colour because of clot formation.

c) Platelets are responsible for clotting of blood.