Urbanisation

a. Promote affordable housing to slum dwellers

b. Provision of basic necessities like food, electricity, basic healthcare

c. Rehabilitation of slums to safe places

d. Technological solutions like using artificial intelligence in revamping the city’s traffic management.

e. Expansion of existing roads and construction of new roads

f. Promotion of public transport like Metros, bus and train

g. Relocation of police stations to high crime prone areas using technological tools like big data analytics

h. Promoting community policing

i. Promotion of public transport like local train, metro and bus

j. Lifestyle changes like use of cycle, carpooling

k. Relocation of Brick Kilns far from cities

l. Avoiding stubble burning

m. Dust cleaning equipment

n. Promoting affordable healthcare

o. Increase awareness about good hygienic practices

p. Provision of adequate water and sanitation facilities

q. Promoting affordable and quality education

A) • Increase in productivity leads to growth of economy and income

• Technology and innovation create demand for new skill sets and thereby creating employment opportunities.

B) • Increase in prosperity

• Development of logistics sector

• Creation of employment opportunities

C) • Increase in trade and income

• Improvement in living standards

D) • Improvement in living standards

• Creation of indirect employment for these service providers

E) • Peace and security

• Emergence of composite culture with exchange of new ideas, cultural practices and beliefs.

As there is urbanization, cities grow. People migrate to these cities for jobs, education, etc. There is increase in transportation systems too due to people travelling frequently from suburbs to cities. Public transportation system is not sufficient and hence the number of private vehicles increases. This leads to an increase in traffic jams and travelling time increases significantly.

Industrialisation leads to set up of huge factories which produce goods on a large scale. Along with this, there is production of large amount of waste which is generally untreated as the factories find it expensive to treat it and then release. This leads to increase in air pollution as toxic gases are released through chimneys.

As there is urbanization, cities grow. People migrate to these cities for jobs, education, etc. Many of them are not as skilled as required by the factories in cities hence they take up small odd jobs for survival. They cannot afford to stay in expensive apartments of these cities. Apart from this, cities have limited spaces which forces them to stay in slums.

As there is urbanization, cities grow. People migrate to these cities for jobs, education, etc. Many of them are not as skilled as required by the factories in cities hence they take up small odd jobs for survival. The people who have migrated people do not always find employment in the cities. Some of them look for means to earn money through illegal ways. This leads to an increase in the crime rate of the cities. Thefts, burglaries, scuffles and murders are the crimes that happen in the cities.

a. Formation of cities can take place in various methods. Regions that are located at the densely trade routes tend to urbanize. For instance, Pataliputra and Ujjain in ancient India were prosperous cities that were located on trade routes.

b. Cities like Bombay, Madras, Kolkata were more developed compared to other regions because of British policy.

c. Mineral rich region tends to attract investment and big industries. These industries create enormous employment opportunities and development of ancillary industries. Ex: Jamshedpur

A planned city of my imagination would have the foll:

a. Smart city with extensive use of ICT in service delivery.

b. Green buildings with minimal carbon footprint

c. More green spaces and tree belts

d. Rehabilitation of slums and integrating them with mainstream society with provision of affordable education and healthcare.

e. Promoting public transportation and ensuring last mile connectivity.

f. Proper implementation of law and order in city

g. Incorporating polluters pays principle in policy formulation. Maintaining stringent standards on discharge of harmful chemicals by manufacturing industries.

h. Incorporating artificial intelligence in traffic management. For instance, Chinese e-commerce giant Alibaba has launched its traffic management in many cities of China and is looking to launch in Malaysia soon.

Industrialization is the process in which an agriculturally-based economy transforms into manufacturing sector. Worldwide, industrialization has led to creation of many cities. For instance, Britain was one of the first country to witness early industrialization that led to development of cities like Manchester, Bradford etc. In India, cities like Mumbai developed rapidly due to presence of large textile mill base and many adjoining villages became part of Mumbai metropolitan area.

Pollution is the introduction of harmful substances into the natural environment that cause adverse impact. Pollution can be caused due to natural and man-made factors. There are various types of pollution

• Air pollution: Emission of toxic gases from factories, automobiles lowers the quality of air. According to WHO, air pollution can lead to premature deaths.

• Noise Pollution: Prolonged exposure of High noise levels can contribute to cardiovascular diseases. Loud noise can cause a serious threat to a child’s physical and psychological health.

• Water pollution: It is caused when harmful effluents from factories or households are discharged into water bodies without treatment. Inadequate amount of quality water can lead to water scarcity. Intake of contaminated water is also linked to various diseases like cholera, typhoid, dysentery etc.

• Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is a pan-India cleanliness campaign that seeks to create a Clean India. It was launched in 2014. The programme aims to achieve the goal of a ‘Clean India’ by 2nd October 2019. Several political leaders, celebrities, various organisations have participated in the cleanliness drive. Such massive awareness campaign is expected to improve the health outcomes.

• Use of electrostatic precipitators to reduce the emission harmful gases

• Relocation of factories far from cities

• Regular audit of factories and ensuring strict compliance

• Use of new technologies like dry Sorbent Injection that are used for controlling sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions in thermal power plants.

• Implementation of Swach Bharat Abhiyan

• Minimizing waste by promoting citizen awareness on benefits of proper solid waste management

• Segregation of wastes at the source level

• RRR- reduce, reuse and recycle

• Promoting in-house composting of waste

• Sensitizing citizens about the harmful effects of noise pollution

• Setting the decibel limit in areas especially schools and hospitals

• Extensive use of noise barriers

• Ensure smooth traffic flow with proper traffic management

• Stringent action against violators

• Industries, Airport must be located far from cities

• Plantation of trees

• Prohibiting discharge of wastes by factories

• Avoid dumping of wastes in lakes

• Stringent action to be taken against violators

• Sensitizing citizens about the harmful effects of water pollution

We visited the city of Mumbai near our village. The facilities included better health facilities, infrastructure, banking facilities, etc. In our village, there is only one hospital which does not function properly. Most of the times, the doctor is not available. This was not the case with Mumbai. There were multiple hospitals, both government and private.

Infrastructure facilities in the city included huge railway stations, parks, etc. which are not found in our village.

From 1961-1981, the growth of urban population was around 5.5% only but from 1981-2011, this growth was around 13.73%. This means that the urban population is increasing rapidly in India

From 1961-1991, the growth of urban settlements was around 58.8% only but from 1991-2011, this growth was around 120.11%. This means that the urban settlements are increasing rapidly in India.