Effects Of Electric Current

(a) Odd one - bad conductor

Explanation: Fuse wire, rubber gloves, and generator are related to electric current. If a large amount of electric current flows it produce large amount of heat so fuse wire melts thus stopping the flow of current. Rubber gloves do not conduct heat or electricity which we wear while handling electrical equipment to protect from shocks.

The generator is based on magnetic effects of electric current which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

But bad conductor is Not related to electric current.

(b) Odd- Thermometer.

Explanation: Thermometer measures heat. But ammeter, voltmeter and galvanometer measures electric current, potential difference, a small amount of current respectively in an electrical circuit.

(c) Odd- magnet

Explanation: Loudspeaker, microphone and electric motor works on principles of some effects of electric current.

But Magnet has magnetic properties which attracts magnetic substances towards it and has no relation with electric current.

Electric motor- It converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.

Principle- When a current carrying conductor is placed normally in a magnetic field it experiences a force which rotates the conductor thus mechanical energy is generated.

Construction-

It consists of an armature coil ABCD mounted on an axle. It also consists of two split rings P and Q with brushes X and Y and a horse-shoe electromagnet NS with a dc source.

The rectangular coil is wound around a soft iron core and is placed between two poles of horse-shoe electromagnet. The coil is free to rotate about its axis. The ends A and D are connected to two split rings P and Q which are attached with brushes X and Y respectively. When coil rotates split rings also rotates but brushes remain fixed at their position.

Working-

i. When current enters the coil ABCD from battery through brush X and to coil and finally back to brush Y the current flow in coil from A to B upwards and C to D downwards.

ii. So on applying Fleming’s left-hand rule, a force is exerted on arm AB which pushes it downwards and forces on arm CD upwards thus rotating the coil anticlockwise. As both forces are equal and opposite in direction rotating the coil.

iii. After half rotation split, ring P contact with brush Y and split ring Q contact with brush X thus current will flow in DCBA path.

iv. Now force acting on both arms of the coil will be reversed and coil will continue to rotate according to Fleming’s left-hand rule and complete the next half turn in the same direction. Thus the coil rotates continuously.

Electric generator AC converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

Principle- It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction. When coil rotates in a magnetic field it induces a current in the coil and direction of induced current is given by Fleming’s right hand rule.

Construction-

It consists of a coil ABCD with two slip rings R₁ and R₂ connected with brushes B1 and B2 respectively. The coil is placed between two poles of a horse-shoe shaped electromagnet. Brushes are connected to a galvanometer which shows the direction of current in the circuit.

Working- When coil rotates the arm AB goes up and arm CD goes downwards, so coil rotates in clockwise direction. Applying Fleming’s right hand rule the induced current which is produced is in the direction ABCD. Current flows from brush B₂ to B₁. After half rotation AB comes in place of CD and CD in place of AB thus induced current flows from DCBA. Now current flow from brush B₁ to B₂. Thus every half rotation current flow direction is reversed thus it is an alternating current.

C

When there is relative motion between coil and a magnet there is change in magnetic field lines which induces a current in the coil. This phenomenon is called electromagnetic induction discovered by Michael Faraday.

C

It converts mechanical energy into electrical energy

It consists of armature coil ABCD which is placed between two poles of a horse-shoe shaped electromagnet, two split rings S₁ and S₂ connected to two brushes B₁ and B₂ respectively.

When the coil is rotated the magnetic lines changes thus induces a current in the coil. The direction of induced current in the arms of coil reverses after every half rotation which can be obtained by Fleming’s right-hand rule. Here one brush is always in contact with the arm moving up in the field and another brush is in contact with the arm moving downward. So, a unidirectional current flows in the circuit.

When live wire comes in contact with neutral wire a large amount of current flows through it leading to short-circuiting. The resistance of circuit becomes very small thus a large number of current flows leading to the production of a large amount of heat thus may cause electric fires. This may damage our electrical appliances. We can also get electric shocks thus short-circuiting is dangerous.

Tungsten is a strong metal with the high melting point of 3380^oC. When bulb glows a large amount of heat is produced and the temperature is also very high. So tungsten is used which can resist this huge amount of heat and high temperature.

Resistivity of alloys like nichrome is more than pure metals so they will get heated easily on the passage of a small amount of current. They also have a high melting point and do not oxidize readily at high temperature. So in the electric equipment producing heat e.g. iron, electric heater, boiler, toaster etc, an alloy such as Nichrome is used, not pure metals.

Copper or aluminum are metals which have free electrons so they are good conductors of electricity. They have a low value of resistivity and are cheap and readily available so for electric power transmission, copper or aluminum wire is used.

As joule is a very small unit of energy but kWh is a large unit of measuring electrical energy so in practice the unit kWh is used for the measurement of electrical energy, rather than joule.

1 kWh = 3.6 × 10⁶ J

d

When current is passed through a long, straight current-carrying wire a magnetic field is developed where magnetic field lines are in form of concentric circles around the wire in the center with their plane perpendicular to the straight wire. We can obtain these magnetic lines of force by sprinkling some iron fillings in a cardboard with a straight long wire passing through the center of the cardboard. This arrangement is connected to battery, key, rheostat, and ammeter. When current will pass through this iron fillings will get arranged in form of concentric circles around the wire.

A solenoid is a coil of many circular turns of insulated copper wire wrapped closely in the shape of a cylinder.

Similarities-

i. The properties of the magnetic field produced due to a solenoid are similar to the properties of the magnetic field produced by a bar magnet.

ii. The magnetic field lines are closed continuous curves.

iii. They emerge from North pole and ends at South pole.

iv. No two magnetic lines intersect.

v. Both have magnetic properties and they attract magnetic materials towards them.

Dissimilarities-

i. The strength of magnetic field produced by a solenoid can be increased by increasing the amount of current which cannot be done in case of a bar magnet.

ii. The direction of the magnetic field can be changed by reversing the current in a solenoid but it cannot be done in case of a bar magnet.

Figure a is Fleming’s Right-hand rule which is used to find out the direction of induced current. The thumb, forefinger and central finger of right hand is stretched in such a way that these three fingers are mutually perpendicular to each other. If forefinger indicates the direction of magnetic field, thumb indicates the direction of motion of conductor then central finger will indicate the direction of induced current.

Figure b is Fleming’s left-hand rule which is used to find the direction of motion of conductor. The thumb, forefinger and central finger of the left hand is stretched in such a way that these three fingers are mutually perpendicular to each other. If forefinger indicates the direction of magnetic field, central finger indicates the direction of current then thumb will indicate the direction of motion of conductor.

(i) a is cartridge type fuse which is fitted with costly appliances like refrigerator, AC, geyser, TV etc. They have a proper current rating like 1 A, 2 A, 5 A etc. If the amount of current flow exceeds their ratings the fuse melts thus the circuit opens and current flow stops protecting the appliance from damage during overloading, short-circuiting or faulty in appliances.

(ii) b is MCB[ miniature circuit breakers ] is automatically operated switch. When current flow exceeds their limit during short-circuiting or overloading they automatically trip down thus breaking the circuit and stops the flow of current. Thus protects the electrical appliances from damage and also from getting electrical shocks. They are mainly used in low voltage electrical network.

(iii) c is an electric motor which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. It is used in electric gadgets like a fan, juicer, washing machine, mixer, grinder etc.

Answer: Given Power P = 100 W

Current I = 3 A

R =?

We know P = I²R;

where R is resistance

So R = P/ I²

⇒, R = = 11.11 ohm

We know P = VI

Where P = power

V = potential difference

I = current

Here V = 220 V

P = 100 W + 60 W = 160 W

[ Since bulbs are connected in parallel ]

I =?

I = P/V

= 160W/220V

I = 0.72 A

We know Energy spent = P x t

Where P = power

t = time

in case of tv set

P = 500 W

t = 30 minutes = 1/2 hour

so, energy spent = 500 x 1/2

= 250 Wh

In case of heater

P = 600 W

t = 20 minutes = 0.33 hour

so, energy spent = 600 x 0.33

= 198 Wh

Hence TV set spent more electrical energy.

Power of electric iron = 1100 W

Time t = 2 hrs

So energy consumed daily = P x t

= 1100 x 2

= 2200 Wh

For 30 days since the month of april has 30 days

Energy consumed= 2200 x 30

= 66000 Wh

= 66 Kwh

1 Kwh = 1 unit = Rs 5

So 6.6 Kwh = 5 x 66 = 330 rupees

So the bill for month of April will be 330 rupees.