Genetics For The Future

X-ray diffraction is an old technique which was used to determine the structure of a compound. Structure of DNA was also determined by this technique initially.

All other techniques DNA profiling, Gene mapping and DNA finger printing are modern genetic engineering techniques which help us to determine the complete genome of any organism along with the locations of all genes.

Therefore, correct answer is (d) X- ray diffraction.

Most of the genetic disease takes place due to non- functioning or abnormal functioning of genes. In order to cure these diseases, the abnormal or non- functional genes can be removed and functional and normal genes can be inserted. This process is called Gene therapy.

Gene mapping was the technique that had led to the discovery of gene therapy. For gene therapy knowing the location of the genes in order to replace them with the normal genes is most important because without knowing the location of the genes gene therapy is an impossible process.

Therefore, gene mapping is the process that had led to the discovery of genetic diseases because through gene mapping we can know the location of each and every gene and thus can deduce complete genome.

Gene therapy is a revolutionary change in the field of medical science because it had provided a tool to the medical field to cure many of the diseases.

All the genetic disease takes place due to non- functioning or abnormal functioning of the genes. Gene therapy had provided the way through which a functional gene can be achieved as in this process abnormal and non- functional gene are replaced with normal genes.

Since, gene therapy is the remedy for curing genetic diseases; it is very much useful for the human beings.

Yes, I agree with the statement. Every technology brings both advantages and disadvantages with it and same is with this genetic engineering. Genetic engineering along with many advantages has disadvantages also which are as follows:

•Against the moral rights: In Genetic engineering, changes in the genes are done which is like playing with the integrity of any living organism which is against the moral rights. We ourselves are living beings and nobody has given us the rights to change the gene organization of any living organism.

Therefore, changes in the human genome led to ethical issues.

Since, it is against the moral rights genetic engineering can’t be promoted.

•Affects the environment: Genetic engineering causes changes in the organisms and release of these genetically engineered organisms affects the environment in a very bad manner.

Since, genetically engineered organisms are new to environment they affect the ecosystem and affect the survival of other living organisms also because it is not known how these organisms interact with the other living organisms. Therefore, there are various rules associated with the release of these genetically engineered organisms.

•Extinction of the natural varieties: Since genetic engineering is causing changes in the gene structure of many of the organisms. It is a threat to naturally occurring species because if the same trend will continue extinction of naturally occurring species will take place.

•The threat to Human beings: Today some countries are using genetically engineered organisms as bio-weapons. They use genetic engineering for making harmful changes in the gene organization of any organism whose release in the enemy country will lead to an adverse effect on their population.’

Therefore, it is a threat for the human population.

Due to above enlisted harmful effects of genetic engineering, it can’t be promoted.

Insulin production through genetic engineering was a great discovery for the medical science because there are many people who suffer from diabetes and this discovery had given lives to many people.

In this, a presentation can be prepared by providing emphasis on how genetic engineering had lead to the artificial production of insulin. In this, you can provide a description of each step involved in the insulin production by telling its importance in insulin production. But before all this, you need to describe the basic structure of insulin as it was a great challenge to produce genetically engineered insulin due to its structure.

Following are the steps of Insulin production:

•Human insulin consists of two chains namely A and B, first of all, their DNA sequence must be known.

•Then, this DNA sequences need to be inserted in plasmids of E.coli which will lead to the production of these chains.

•Then, these chains are extracted and are artificially combined to produce functional insulin.

By giving a description of above steps and structure of insulin a presentation can be prepared for the production of genetically engineered insulin.

For this magazine related to genetic engineering which provides information about each and every new discovery in genetic engineering are taken into consideration.

For major discoveries, newspaper can also be considered. This will provide information about news related to genetic engineering. By continuous reading of such magazines and newspaper, an excerpt can be prepared.