Community

Nomadism is called as a way of life

NOMADISM, a way of life and human existence that is connected with permanent and more or less regular movements of people between different locations.

The main pillar of Indian society is rural community.

Historically, India has been comprised of small villages that had autonomy, or the right to self-govern.

The tribes of North East Zone are Naga and Kuki

The Kukis, one of the bigger hill tribes of the region, are spread across the North East, and even parts of Myanmar and the Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh.

The Naga people are an various individuals or ethnic groups associated to the North Eastern part of India and northwestern Myanmar.

a. The word tribe has originated from the Latin word called Tribus. Greek and Roman's writers used this term for the first time to refer to the tribals of the Latium district. According to the Kannada dictionary, Kittle has defined this term as a family or a Clan.

b. A group of Clans with kinship is called a tribe.

c. According to the Royal Anthropological Institution of London, a tribe is a group which lives in a particular geographic area and has its own social, political and cultural administration.

d. They are are also called as Adivasis, Girijanas, Vanyajathi, and Moolanivasis.

A village is an area consisting of the families whose livelihood depends upon agriculture and Agriculture based occupation.

Many families also depend on reading animals such as Ox, cow, sheep, etc.

The different types of villages are:

a. Centralized village: In this type of village, the houses are located on the farmland and are close to each other. The size of the village increases with an increase in the people involved in agriculture.

b. Independent household and farms: These villages are found in the coastal regions and irrigated areas of Raichur district of Karnataka. The different families of farmers live away from each other. The house is surrounded by cattle shed, agricultural equipment, fodder for cattle, etc.

c. Scattered group villages: A group of families lives away from another group of families. These are usually located in hilly areas and in the upland districts of Karnataka.

d. Villages of line houses: In these villages, families are located on both sides of the road. Each house is attached to others. A wall divides one house from another. All the houses look like an extension of the same building.

e. Circle shaped village or round shaped village: In this type of a village, different houses are located around the temple, mosque, Church or tank.

f. Square shaped village or line village: The house is a parallel and horizontal to each other.

g. Converged Road Village or market village: In this type of village those families live who is existence depend upon non-agricultural activities. The house is located at two or more converged roads. Shops and hotels are also attached to the houses.

A place that has a population of more than 5000 and the density of 1000 people per square kilometre and more than 75% of the population is engaged in non-agricultural activities it is termed as a city or an urban centre. From the demographic point of view, a place with more population and population density is called a city or an urban centre.

The different characteristics of a city are:

a. Large in size: A city is large in size and is more populous. According to the 2011 census, there are 4381 people residing per 1 sq.km. in Bengaluru.

b. Nonagricultural jobs: More people are engaged in nonagricultural activities. Such as Industrial work, professional and Administrative Service, commerce and trade, etc.

c. Nonimportance of primary relationship: Formal relationships exists more in cities. They restrict the attention only to themselves and their families.

d. Cultural diversity: People living in cities comes from various diverse social background. So we can see a large amount of cultural diversity in cities.

e. Formal social control: Cities have police, judiciary and other services which are required for ensuring social security and protection of basic civil rights of the citizens.

A group of Clans with kinship is called a tribe. The characteristics of the tribal community are mentioned below:

a. They are simple and self-contented

b. They worship nature.

c. They are loyal to their community and give importance to Unity.

d. Equal treatment is given to women.

e. The follow the system of endogamous marriages.

f. They have a unique language.

g. They live close to the natural environment.

h. Their economic system is based on hunting and gathering of minor forest produces and sporadic agriculture.

The tribals in India are divided into the following three types on the basis of the geographical locality:

1) North and North-East Zone: The sub-tribes of Naga such as Konac, Regma, Segma, Aho, Angama, Lohta, Pome, Changa and Kaboola and the sub-tribes of Kuki such as Lushami, Lakera, Chins, Khushi, Garo, Kachari, Lepcha, Butia, Rabha, Tharo, Kaso, Chini etc., live in Himalayan mountain regions.

2) Central Zone: This zone consists of West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, south parts of Uttar Pradesh, northern parts of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, North parts of Rajasthan states. The sub-tribes like Santala, Munda, Uranva, Bhumija, Koya, Lodha, Sapoora, Javung, Kunda, Korko, Gonda, Bhil, Birahara, Kola, Malera, Asura, Byga, Pradhan, Birazoma, Agaria, Hil, Mariya, Bison, etc., live in this zone.

3) South zone: Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Karnataka are the states which come in this zone. The major sub tribes live in this zone are Chanchu, Thoda, Badaga, Koota, Paniyan, Irula, Kuramana, Kurumba, Gonda, Rajagonda, Soliga, Kadukuruba, Jenukuruba Koraga, Hasala, Yarava, Danagara Gowli, Kadugolla, Halakki, Okkaliga etc.

The different types of rural communities are mentioned below:

a. Centralized village: In this type of village, the houses are located on the farmland and are close to each other. The size of the village increases with an increase in the people involved in agriculture.

b. Independent household and farms: These villages are found in the coastal regions and irrigated areas of Raichur district of Karnataka. The different families of farmers live away from each other. The house is surrounded by cattle shed, agricultural equipment, fodder for cattle, etc.

c. Scattered group villages: A group of families lives away from another group of families. These are usually located in hilly areas and in the upland districts of Karnataka.

d. Villages of line houses: In these villages, families are located on both sides of the road. Each house is attached to others. A wall divides one house from another. All the houses look like an extension of the same building.

e. Circle shaped village or round shaped village: In this type of a village, different houses are located around the temple, mosque, Church or tank.

f. Square shaped village or line village: The house is a parallel and horizontal to each other.

g. Converged Road Village or market village: In this type of village those families live who is existence depend upon nonagricultural activities. The house is located at two or more converged roads. Shops and hotels are also attached to the houses.

An urban area is a settlement with a high population and a well-built environment. The area situated on its outskirts is called a rural area. The differences in rural and urban life for children is highlighted below:

Tribal settlements are an important part of the Indian community. It is usually assumed that they are backward in terms of education and are considered to be barbaric and primitive. But a lot has changed over the years.

a. They have a strong sense of distinctiveness and they consider themselves separate from the non-tribals.

b. One of these strong traits is their language. Many tribes are classified on the basis of the spoken language.

c. Many tribals live in the hilly and forested area where there are less population and difficult communication. They are usually concentrated in the areas of Jharkhand, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan and West Bengal.

d. Tribal societies are small in size. They have their own morals, religion, and viewpoint of the world.

e. Kinship is extremely important in tribals and is a principle of social organisation.

f. Land husbandry is the main means of livelihood.

g. There is no hierarchy among men in different groups Also there is no formal system of organisation.

The gram panchayat is the third tier of the governance system in India. It is localized to a village or a small town level and its elected held is called a Sarpanch. The steps taken to improve the facilities in the village by the gram panchayat are the following:

a. Education- This is the most important factor in developing a village. Our country can only develop if each and every person has access to education which can help them to empower themselves with knowledge and create a better life for the future generation. The gram panchayat has set up different Schools in the village areas. They also take steps to create awareness among parents to encourage their children specially the girls to go and educate themselves.

b. Healthcare: A community must be fit in order to succeed. The gram panchayat has set up different community clinics and hospitals in villages to provide the basic Healthcare facilities to the people. The cost of a checkup and medicines is kept very low so that it is accessible to all.

c. Nutrition every single member of the community must have access to do good quality food grains. The government has set up different ration shops through the public distribution system where the food grains are available to them at a lower price than the market price.

d. Clean water and sanitation: The gram panchayat must ensure that clean drinking water facilities and good sanitation facilities are available all over the area.

e. Infrastructure: The gram panchayat along with the other levels of the government has set up transport facilities, a system of roads and Railways for the movement of goods and services, good communication facilities and the setting up of banks to fulfil the credit requirements.