Types Of Society

Stone

The hunting societies use stone tools for hunting. Hunting society is the ancient society and small in number. Hunting is one of the processes for gathering food. To gather food, they used to hunt animals, for this purpose they made tools from stones. Different types of stone tools had been made by them so that they can hunt or cut them.

Plough drove by animals

Plough driven by animals is used to till the land in the agricultural society. The people of this society engaged themselves in the agriculture. Their main purpose was to produce food through agriculture. Machines used for agriculture has discovered but still, they use plough driven by animals to till the land due to poverty.

Professional works

The distribution of skilled work is called as Professional works. It is because the skilled worker should be properly trained for the professional work. In the present world, most of the works involve skilled work or experience. Thus, an individual should have knowledge about his area of expertise and have the ability to work professionally.

Communication

In industrial societies, there is an increase in transport and communication. The development of the industries led to the expansion of the transportation and communication services. This will help to transport raw materials and finished goods and to communicate easily.

Industrial

The mechanized production takes place in an industrial society. It refers that machines and technology are used for the various purpose. Production depends upon the use of technology. The mechanization in the industrial society led to the decrease in manual labour.

Society refers to the large group of people living together. Society is not uniform instead it is of different types. The different types of society are as follows:-

• Hunting and gathering society – I t is an ancient society and the first stage of human evolution. The people in this society mainly focused on hunting, fishing, and gathering. The status and the position in the society were based on age and sex.

• Pastoral society- This society consists of several thousand people. The people living in this society mainly focused on animal husbandry and cattle herding was their main occupation. The rear animals like cow, goat, sheep, and buffalo for self -subsistence. Like hunting society, the also engaged themselves in fishing and hunting.

• Nomadic and semi-nomadic society - Nomadic society refers to the people who move from one place to another in search of food, land, and occupation. Semi-nomadic society refers to the people who stay at one place for food and occupation and move only for cattle herding.

• Agricultural society or rural society- India is a country of land and villages. We find the mention of the term villages in the ancient texts. Agriculture society is one of them. It is a village-based society. During this time, people left a nomadic life and settle in one place. The main occupation of the people is agriculture. To till the land, plough driven by animals was used. This society is also known as rural society.

• Urban society- Also known as an ideal society. This society has the large population and people are engaged in various jobs and works. Overcrowding is the negative aspect of urban society. We had civilization like Sindhu civilization which proves that urban society emerged a long time before.

• Industrial society- The people living in an industrial society mostly engaged in industrial works. In this society, the production process is mechanized and done in large quantity. The mechanization of industries is like, we firstly had textile industries without any use of machines and now we have mechanized weaving.

A pastoral society is a social group of pastoralists, whose way of life is based on pastoralism, and is typically nomadic. Daily life is centered upon the tending of herds or flocks. Pastoral society is the second stage of human evolution where people focused on animal husbandry of cattle such as sheep, goat, cow, and buffalo for self- subsistence. Their main work was cattle herding. This society was large in number and ruled by one single leader. Like hunting society, they also engaged themselves in fishing, hunting, and gathering.

From ancient time, for food purpose, people engaged themselves in agriculture. 90% of the population were depended on agriculture for self-subsistence, in other words, their main purpose was to produce food for self-consumption and not for selling. Gradually, food produced sold within India. When new machines and technology influenced our country, agriculture was the first occupation which greatly affected. It led to the mechanization in agriculture. Different machines such as Ploughing machine, tractor, threshing machine, etc. were used. This way, Production increased greatly and with the green revolution, we started producing in large quantity. We started exporting to other countries. Even today more than 50% of the population is engaged in agriculture. Thus, agriculture in India is an important part of our society.

NOTE- Green revolution started with the purpose to bring changes in the agriculture sector with the introduction of the modern technique methods such as the use of High-yield seeds (HYV), fertilizers, pesticides, tractors, and other related machines.

In an industrial society, people are engaged in industrial works. The production process is largely depended on automated machines and technology. Here goods produced in large quantity for the purpose of trade. The industrial revolution in Europe led to the mechanization of production in the industrial society. The main features of the industrial society are to utilize scientific production ways and search for the energy sources. This society is divided into different classes such as capitalists, labour class. Training and special skills were required for professional works. The emergence of the industrial society led to the expansion of transport and communication. This, in turn, led to the development of the new society knows an information society.

Technological development and the need to communicate led to the emergence of the new society known as the Information society. To solve problems and other issues, information technology has become important. Regarding the hold of knowledge of the economy, the studies on information society focused on two issues – the impact of information technology on social and economic life and now this information have become a commodity or a product. It helped to attain education and commerce and business developed for our future generation. Due to all this, knowledge started getting exchanged. The computer is one such technological invention which has become an information storage hub. Thus, information society is growing fast and will continue to grow until we want our knowledge to be exchanged.

Hunting and gathering society is the first stage of human evolution. The people mainly focused on hunting, fishing, and gathering. The features of the hunting and the gathering society are:-

• Unlike other societies, they are small in number.

• Hunting, scavenging, fishing, and gathering is their main occupation.

• The status and responsibilities were based on age and sex.

• Wealth was not their main concern instead sharing is an important characteristic of the hunting and gathering society.

• The stone tool was used for hunting animals.

The pastoral society is large in number and their main occupation is cattle herding. The features of the pastoral society are as follows:-

• They engaged themselves in cattle herding.

• People were involved in animal husbandry of cattle such as sheep, goat, cow, and buffalo for self-subsistence.

• Pastoral society has more population compared to hunting society and ruled by one single leader.

• They also engaged themselves in fishing, hunting, and gathering.

The term agriculture means to grow crops using various techniques on the land either for self-consumption or for selling. Agriculture is based on the availability of land. Without land, the term agriculture doesn’t make sense. More than 50% of our population is engaged in agriculture and agriculture is still a primary sector of our country. Technological development and green revolution in agriculture increased our production fourfold, and we now export to other countries.

In an industrial society, people are engaged in industrial works and the production process is largely depended on automated machines and technology. The features of the industrial society are:-

• Industry-based economy- the society is divided into capitalists, labour class and business class. Industrial works formed an important part of the economy.

• Professional works- specific skills and training are required to engage in professional works.

• Transport and communication- development of industrial society led to the expansion of transport and communication.

• Increase in migration –Due to the development of the industries, agriculture greatly impacted. Many joint families in rural areas became nuclear as the people started migrating to urban cities to find a new job.

Information society developed after the development of the industrial society. The information society emerged due to the technological development, and the requirement to exchange the knowledge. Information technology has become important to solve the problems and issues. The studies on information society focused on two issues – the impact of information technology on social and economic life and this information has now become a commodity. It helped to attain education and commerce and business developed for our future generation.

Urban society is known as an ideal society. It is because this society has all the aspect of being the suitable society for the people. In the urban society, people are engaged in the activities in which they are best at. The main occupation of the people comes under the secondary and the tertiary sector. People mostly work in industries and Information technology (IT companies). In urban areas, we also find the MNCs (Multinational companies). It has become the modern society where every thought and view is respected and given preference. Education is an important aspect of this society. Knowledge is shared and to attain wealth is an important aspect of an ideal society. Life has been made easy with the technological development and everything is available in this society in a blink.

NOTE- Secondary sector- it includes the industries which are engaged in production and manufacturing process such as textile industries.

Tertiary sector – it includes the industries which are engaged in providing services to the people such as IT companies, schools, banks, restaurants, etc.

The place where I live in agriculture forms an important occupation. The problems people face in the agricultural sector are as follows:

• Machines and the agricultural equipment are expensive. It becomes difficult for the people to acquire such expensive machines.

• The tertiary sector is not developed in areas where agriculture is prominent.

• Availability of banks in such areas makes it difficult for the farmers to acquire the loan. Thus, they are mostly depended on the landlords and merchants for money. This, in turn, makes their life miserable as the interest is high. Farmers in many states even commit suicide due to this reason.

• Lack of knowledge about the use of chemical products, machines, and how to do farming to increase production turns out to be the biggest challenge for the people engaged in agriculture.

• Agriculture is dependent on weather conditions. Climatic changes greatly affect agriculture in India. Lack of information about the climate changes often led to the loss of agricultural production.

Areas, where agriculture is prominent technological development, has not taken place. Agricultural products are not easily available in such areas and lack of irrigation facilities often becomes a problem for farmers.