Minerals Coal And Mineral Oil

Peat is the most basic form of coal containing 26% carbon and is the primary state of transformation of coal from wood.

Anthracite is the matured form of coal and contains 94% to 98% of coal. It a also contains small amount of volatile matter and moisture as well. Its heat energy is about 33kJg^-1.When pure anthracite is burned it produces very little amount of smoke or smell and also leaves very less amount of residue.

Anthracite is considered as one of the finest quality or matured form of coal and it contains also very high proportion of carbon in it almost 94% to 98%.Hence, it does not produce smoke or odour when burnt.

Coal gas, Coke and Coal tar are obtained in the process of destructive distillation of mineral coal but methane is not obtained during this process. Hence, the correct option is B.

Coke is used during the production of water gas. Coke is used as a smokeless fuel in the production of water gas. The mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas is obtained when water vapour is passed over hot coke. It is called water gas.

C + H₂O → ( CO + H₂ )

A mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas is obtained when water vapour is passed over hot coke. It is called water gas.

Butane is filled at high pressure in cylinders of household cooking gas. To detect leakage of the gas from the cylinder methyl mercaptan having a very bad smell is added to it.

Naphtha is the component obtained from refining of petroleum which is used as solvent in petrochemicals. Naphtha compounds contains 8 to 10 carbon atoms are obtained at the temperature of 393K to 453K in the fractional distillation process.

Petrol is used in petromax to obtain light.

the chief hydrocarbon in natural gas is Methane. In gaseous hydrocarbons like ethane, propane and butane are also present in it as constituents but mostly natural gas contains methane.

The molecular formula of ethane is C₂H₆. Ethane belongs to the alkane homologous series which is represented by the formula C_nH_2n+2. Ethane is the second member of the series and hence its formula is obtained by substituting 2 in place of n in the general formula to obtain C₂H₆.

Ethane belongs to the alkane homologous series which is represented by the general molecular formula C_nH_2n+2.

Ethyne is a very important industrial compound. The commercial name of ethyne is acetylene. Substances like ethanol, acetic acid, vinyl polymer and plastics are prepared from ethyne.

We can clearly see that 8 = 2 X 3 + 2.

Hence, C₃H₈ belongs to the alkane series. Now, as it contains 3 carbon atoms so its name is Propane.

Methane molecules belongs to the alkane series in which all the hydrogen atoms are attached to carbon by single bond forming a tetrahedral shape with the angle between any two bonds in methane molecule being 109^o28’.

Fossil means something obtained from the dead remains. Coal is obtained from the fossils of plants and animals. Hence, mineral coal is called fossil fuel.

Mineral coal is obtained from Thangadh in Gujarat.

Gasolene is used as fuel in jet planes. It has a boiling range of 343 to 473 K. It contains chains having 5 to 12 carbon atoms in it.

Fossil fuel is the fuel obtained from the decomposition of plants and animals died crores of years ago and buried deep inside the surface of the earth. In the crust at high temperature and pressure the components of plants and animals gets converted into fuel known as fossil fuel.

Fossil fuels like mineral coal, petroleum and natural gas find extensive use in our modern world. They are used to fuel up our automobiles, to heat our homes, power industry and manufacturing, provide us with electricity their derivatives are used for medical purpose, as cosmetics, wax, mould, plastics, synthetic fabrics ,lubricants, fuel in our kitchens as cooking gas, manufacture of synthetic rubber, dyes, solvents, pesticides, etc.

There are four main types of mineral coal. These are : -

a. Peat

Peat contain about 28% of Carbon. It is the primary state of transformation of coal from wood. It is known as rough coal. Wax, acetone, acetic acid, methanol, many cyclic organic compounds are obtained by fractional distillation of peat.

b. Lignite

It contains about 28 to 30% carbon along with volatile matter and moisture. The heat energy of lignite is 27kJg^-1. It is used mostly in railways, thermal power and small and big industries. It is used to obtain coal gas and coal tar.

c. Bituminous coal.

It contains about 78 to 86% of carbon content. It also contains volatile matter and moisture . Its heat energy is about 30kJg^-1. It is used as fuel in the production of steel and to generate electricity.

d. Anthracite

It is the highest quality of coal, containing 94 to 98% of carbon. It contains small quantity of moisture and volatile matter. Its heat energy is 33kJg^-1. When pure anthracite is burnt smoke and smell is not produced and the amount of residue is very less.

•Coke is a fuel with a high carbon content and few impurities, usually made from coal.

•It is the solid carbonaceous material derived from destructive distillation of low-ash, low-sulphur bituminous coal.

•Coke is used as a fuel and as a reducing agent in smelting iron ore in a blast furnace.

•The carbon monoxide produced by its combustion reduces iron oxide (hematite) in the production of the iron product.

•Coke is commonly used as fuel for blacksmithing.

•It is used as fuel in stoves and furnaces.

Coal tar.

It is a dark black coloured liquid, mostly various types of organic compounds are present in it. Earlier it was used for the preparation of explosives, dyes, artificial fibres, drugs, pesticides. Now a days organic substances are obtained from petroleum products instead of coal tar.

Coal gas:

mostly carbon monoxide and some other gaseous hydrocarbon compounds that are present in coal gas. This mixture of gases is combustible and is used as fuel.

The valency of carbon is 4.

Carbon is having 4 electrons in its outermost shell which is the 2^nd shell. It can use all of these 4 electrons to form bonds with other substances and itself. Hence, the valency off carbon is taken as 4.

Hydrocarbons: These are those class of compounds in chemistry which contains only carbon and hydrogen as elements in their molecular formula and structure.

They are classified on the basis of number of covalent bonds between carbon carbon atoms as : -

a. Saturated hydrocarbon:

In this all the four valences if carbon are completed by covalent single bond with other atoms.

b. Unsaturated hydrocarbon:

In this the two carbon atoms are combined by double or triple bond.

Methane is a saturated hydrocarbon and belongs to the alkane homologous series which is represented by the formula C_nH_2n+2.

All four of its valences are satisfied by single bonds with hydrogen atom giving a tetrahedral shape with the angle between any two bonds in methane molecule being 109^o28’.

Methane is obtained from the marsh gas available from the mines of mineral coal and gas collected over petroleum in the sedimentary rocks in the crust of the earth. Methane I also present in dung, excretion of animals, gobar gas, sewage gas and biogas obtained from decomposition of plant and animal waste.

Methane gas is obtained by heating sodium acetate and soda lime.

CH₃COONa + CaO + NaOH → CH₄ + Na₂CO₃

Common name : Acetylene

Structural formula :

Uses of ethyne

It is used for the preparation of ethanol, acetic acid, vinyl polymer and plastic like substances. It is used in oxyacetylene flame used for welding metals. It is filled in rubber gas balloons which are flown high in the sky.

Isomerism:

Organic compounds having the same molecular formula but different structural formula are called isomers and this phenomenon is called isomerism.

Butane isomers are :

Pentane isomers are :

Almost everything that we use in our daily life ranging from cosmetics, wax , mould, plastics, synthetic fabrics ,lubricants, fuel in our kitchens as cooking gas, manufacture of synthetic rubber, dyes, solvents, pesticides, to running automobiles and drawing power is derived from mineral coal or petroleum. Hence without mineral coal and petroleum our life would come to a deadly stop.

Cracking reaction

In this big molecules break into smaller molecules.

Destructive distillation of mineral coal in laboratory :

Mineral coal is taken in a hard glass test tube. In a second test tube some water is taken. The apparatus is arranged as shown in the figure:

The coal is heated in a Bunsen burner and the gas coming out is passed through water in the other test tube. Sometimes later deposition of coal tar would be found in the test tube containing water. A gas will come out through the tube connected with the upper part of the test tube. This gas is called coal gas. Now the portion left out in the tube containing mineral coal is called coke.

There are four main types of mineral coal. These are : -

a. Peat

Peat contains about 28% of Carbon. It is the primary state of transformation of coal from wood. It is known as rough coal. Wax, acetone, acetic acid, methanol, many cyclic organic compounds are obtained by fractional distillation of peat.

b. Lignite

It contains about 28 to 30% carbon along with volatile matter and moisture. The heat energy of lignite is 27kJg-1. It is used mostly in railways, thermal power and small and big industries. It is used to obtain coal gas and coal tar.

c. Bituminous coal.

It contains about 78 to 86% of carbon content. It also contains volatile matter and moisture. Its heat energy is about 30kJg-1. It is used as fuel in the production of steel and to generate electricity.

d. Anthracite

It is the highest quality of coal, containing 94 to 98% of carbon. It contains a small quantity of moisture and volatile matter. Its heat energy is 33kJg-1. When pure anthracite is burnt smoke and smell is not produced and the amount of residue is very less.

The use of anthracite coal is more than the bitumen coal because the carbon content in anthracite coal is more than the carbon content in the bitumen coal. Also when pure anthracite is burnt smoke and smell is not produced and the amount of residue is very less. Hence, it is very much environment-friendly and saves a lot of money that could have been used in the process of waste disposal.

Occurrence of methane

Methane is obtained from the marsh gas available from the mines of mineral coal and gas collected over petroleum in the sedimentary rocks in the crust of the earth. Methane I also present in dung, excretion of animals, gobar gas, sewage gas and biogas obtained from the decomposition of plant and animal waste.

Preparation of methane

Methane gas is obtained by heating sodium acetate and soda lime.

CH₃COONa + CaO + NaOH → CH₄ + Na₂CO₃

The common molecular formula of : -

Alkane is – C_nH_2n+2

Alkyne is - C_nH_2n-2

The names of first compound of alkaneis – methane.

The names of first compound of alkyneis – ethyne.

Preparation of ethene in laboratory is as follows : -

At first take a hard glass test tube and in it put 3ml of melted wax and one tea spoon of sand. Then some porcelain is inserted in the front part of the test tube. The arrangement is made as shown in the following figure:

The test tube is then heated on a spirit lamp until the pieces of porcelain become red hot and then immediately heat the sand containing wax. Continue the heating process alternatively between the porcelain and the sand. When alkene vapours from wax pass through the heated porcelain ethane gas is liberated by cracking The gas is collected in a jar by downward displacement of water.

Preparation of ethyne in laboratory is as follows : -

Take two to three small pieces of calcium carbide in a conical flask. The conical flask is arranged as shown in the figure below:-

Now as we add water through the thistle funnel, a chemical reaction takes place and ethyne is produced which could be collected in a jar by downward displacement of water.

Hydrocarbons: These are the category of compounds in chemistry which contains only carbon and hydrogen as elements in their molecular formula and structure.

These are classified on the basis of number of covalent bonds between carbon carbon atoms as: -

a. Saturated hydrocarbon:

In this all the four valences if carbon are completed by covalent single bond with other atoms.

b. Unsaturated hydrocarbon:

In this the two carbon atoms are combined by double or triple bond.

•Natural gas is collected over the petroleum in the rocks. The gas which is available with petroleum is called natural gas.

•It is obtained as an oily liquid along with petroleum or independently in the gaseous form. While drilling in the earth’s crust natural gas is obtained first followed by the petroleum.

•In natural gas the main hydrocarbon which is present is called methane . It also contains some other gaseous hydrocarbons like ethane, propane and butane with it.

•It is very easy to transport through gas pipelines and is widely used as a fuel in household uses in urban cities.

•It is also used as fuel to power thermal power plants to produce electricity.

Petroleum: Petroleum is defined as the mineral oil that has been originated from the fossils of plants and animal kingdoms buried under the surface of sea in prehistoric times.

Refining of petroleum:

•The impure oil which is available from the wells is transported to the refinery for purification by pipelines or by tankers. The natural gas is separated from it in the initial stage. The oil is allowed to settle in many large tanks in the refinery and the wastewater is separated.

•Then the fractional distillation of the oil is being carried out. In distillation, hydrocarbons are separated in fractions having specific useful properties for the industries. Each of these fractions is being distilled at a definite range of temperature, and it is a mixture of certain compounds. A typical distillation tower is as shown below: -

•

•Here petroleum is heated in a furnace and then sent to a fractionating column in the vapour form. The column is 2 to 4 meter in diameter and 30 to 60 meter high. Perforated shelves are fixed in it, and on each of these shelves, there is a cover like a cap.

•The substances which do not distill are collected at the lower part of the column. The vapour petroleum gets cooled while going up in the column and falls down in the form of liquid.

•The vapour passed through the liquid is collected on the shelves. Thus substances having higher boiling points come down in the form of the liquid and the substances having lower boiling point go up in the form of the vapour.

•In this way distillation continues near each shelf where compounds having nearby boiling points are separated.

•Here substances having a lower boiling point are collected in the shelves of the upper part while those having lower point are collected in the shelves of the lower part. The number and distance of the shelves are so arranged that a certain fraction is collected in the shelves at a certain height.