Changing Cultural Traditions

The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries saw a lot of revival and development related to Greek and Roman culture, the significant elements were artistic, literary and religious elements.

The Italian and Islamic architecture were evenly balanced, both were strong when it came to decoration, construction designing, the comparison can be described as below,

i. With the help, guidance and support of the stylish Italian architecture, stunning and mesmerising cathedrals and monasteries were erected which was symbol of the powerful and elegant Italian architecture, on the other hand huge, splendid and attractive mosques were erected in the Islamic style of architecture which portrayed there visionary thoughts.

ii. Columns that support the building, construction and Arch became the important features of Italian and Islamic architecturally styles.

iii. More importantly Italian and Islamic architectural styles were fond of design and decoration and hence a great care was taken when it came to decoration. Attractive structures and buildings were constructed with and under the support of Italian and Islamic styles.

The reason behind Italian towns being the first to experience the ideas of humanism are mentioned below.

i. Italian towns were the ones to have the earliest universities in Europe.

ii. During the eleventh century universities like Padua and Bologna had been centre of legal studies.

iii. It was conveyed and successfully implied through the educational programme that there much more to be learnt than the religious teaching.

iv. During 13th and 14th Centuries education had almost spread in Italy, in 1300 Humanism was taught at Padua University in Italy and in 1349 University was established in Florence.

v. The citizens were made aware of the views and ideas relating to humanism, which was taught in educational institutions.

i. Venice had a good governance as compared to other governments during the same era.

ii. Venetian Government was a more democratic government which differed from the France government which was more of a dictator and believed in bestowing power to one person with absolute power.

iii. Venetian Government had important member of the city included in the council which controlled the administration, whereas the base of French Government was Feudalism.

iv. Every single person in the Venetian Government was given equal importance and treated fairly whereas in the French Government there was huge discrimination and suppression of the people.

v. Peasants, Merchants, Lawyers etc. had an important role to play in the Venetian government. But in the French Government Lords/Kings were the authority and attorney.

vi. Efforts were made and results were brought by the Venetian government for upliftment of the poor, whereas in the French Government Lords/Kings owned huge lands, and the peasants had to cultivate their own lands as well as the lords' land.

vii. Venetian Government believed in the legal system where justice was given to all, And in the French Government lords/kings extended judicial control over the peasants and the settlement.

viii. Venetian Government believed in fair rights whereas French Government was highly exploited the people.

ix. Administrative system in French Government was defective and not organised opposite to the Venetian government which was much organised.

x. French Government was a biased government as the popular and important post were given to aristocrats and the nobles.

The governmental structure of Venice and France can is stated below,

VENICE

1) Arengo (Legislature consisting of all citizens)

2) Maggior Consiglio (The theoretical source of all authority ,consisting of more than 2000 members)

2) a) Pregadi (A 120 member strong senate in charge of day to day legislation)

2) b) Council of Ten (A 10 man strong council with authority over all government actions)

3) Minor Consiglio / Signoria (Authority supervising the actions of the dodge with power of veto) this was in parallel with Doge (Head of state and head of all government institutions)

4) Collegio (Executive arm of the government

FRANCE

Feudalism

i. The one who gives value to human beings is called humanist.

ii. Humanism affected the artistic community and how artists were perceived.

iii. The paintings of humanist called as the humanist paintings the particular concern was perspective elements and light deception.

iv. Painters, Artist & Sculptors mostly depended on and used in order to project reality depended and usedanatomy, geometry and physics.

v. Donatello’s David is regarded as an iconic Humanist work of art.

vi. The agenda was humanity service on basis of equalisim, neglecting the caste and faith.

vii. About History the humanist had a very different thought.

viii. Individual skills where highlighted and enhanced by Humanist.

ix. The term Renaissance Man came in to existence and the person with many skills and interest was called as the Renaissance Man they were scholar diplomat-theologian-artist combined in one.

x. The restoration of true civilisation because of humanist thought would enable the Dark Age which Europe was experiencing.

xi. The great work done by famous Aristotle and Plato were translated.

xii. Humanist ideas were transferred through architecture and books which became effective.

xiii. Scholars, writers, and leaders accepted Humanism as an intellectual movement and supported it.

xiv. Blindly following religious belief was no more encouraged and more importance was given to evidence and thinking.

xv. Modern faculties such as chemistry, mathematics, natural science and astronomy became a part of the university syllabus.

xvi. The basis of humanism is naturalism.

i. The Europeans thought modern technology which was lacking and not seen by the world.

ii. seventeenth-century was the most important century in the making of the modern world

iii. The Europeans fought one another in Europe as a result of which wars became expensive and complex.

iv. European Governments invested inresearch in military technology to gain an upper hand over others during war.

v.Military revolution was seen in seventeenth century.

vi. As a result of Military revolution, Europeans could easily defeat their enemies.

vii. Colonization was fastened in America and Asia.

viii. Fellow European states engaged in to completion to gain wealth and power.

ix. This century saw the works and people like Galileo and Newton, Descartes Hugo and many more.

x. By far now European had gained and acquired good knowledge and were efficient at Machines, electricity, the telescope and microscope, Universal gravitation.

xi. During this century theater, music, visual arts and philosophy also developed.