Manufacturing Industries

The common materials to manufacture cement include: limestone, shells, and chalk.

Steel Authority Of India Limited (SAIL) is one of the largest stae- owned steel making company which supplies steel for public sector plants.

Bauxite is an ore rich in aluminium.

The Electronic manufacturing firms deal with the manufacturing of telephones, computers etc.

Manufacturing implies to the production of finished more valuable products from raw materials. The finished goods are more expensive as compared to raw materials, thus manufacturing firms earn huge profits by processing raw stuff to finished goods on a large scale.

Three physical factors for the location of the industry are

(a) Raw material is a preliminary for setting up any manufacturing firm, thus location should be such that the raw material is easily available.

(b) Power supply is another basic need to run machines. Thus availability of cheap and efficient power supply must be ensured.

(c) After the goods are produced, they need to be marketed. The firm should be in a location where the manufactured products can be easily marketed.

Three human factors for the location of an industry �

(a) Cheap labour must be available.

(b) There should be easy flow and good flow of capital.

(c) Basic services like banking, insurance, transportation etc must be available.

The industries which supply the raw materials to the manufacturers for the production of finished goods are known as Basic industries or Key industries. e.g. iron and steel and copper smelting, aluminium smelting.

Cement is an essential raw material for the for construction of buildinsgs, factories, bridges, roads; airports, dams and for other commercial establishments. The cement industries use bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum.

Differences between integrated steel plants and mini steel plants:

Despite immense potential India is not able to give up to the mark production values, mainly due to the underlying reasons:

(a) High costs and limited availability of coking coal,

(b) Inefficiency of the labour

(c) Irregular energy supply

(d) Low quality infrastructure

Liberalisation and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) have given a boost to the industry with the efforts of private entrepreneurs.

The rapid growth in industries has led to considerable economic growth. However, apart from the benefits it has also contributed to the increase in pollution of land, water, air, noise resulting in degradation of the environment. Industries contribute to the following five types of pollution:

(a) Air pollution: The paper factories, chemic factories, pulp, chemical, dyeing and textile industries emit out large amount of smoke. This smoke releases a high amount of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide in the air which contribute to the air pollution. If there is any leakage of toxic gases it can be very hazardous with long-term effects. It can potentially affect the human health, animals, plants, buildings and the atmosphere as a whole.

(b) Water pollution: Many industries including the paper industries, chemical industries and textiles industry release harsh chemical substances and other untreated wastes materials into the water resources leading to water pollution. Agriculture and fertiliser wastes when dumbed in the water bodies contribute to lead and mercury poisoning in the water bodies which make the water unfit for the flora and fauna of the hydrosphere.

(c) Thermal pollution: If hot water from industries is discharged into the water bodies without cooling, it leads to thermal pollution.

(d) Land pollution: Dumping of wastes specially glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, packaging, salts 'and garbage alters the fertility of the soil and makes it polluted. The seepage of chemical from these wastes via rainwater contaminate the groundwater and increases the concentration of toxic metals such as lead and mercury into the underground water.

(e) Noise pollution: Industrial and construction activities, machinery, factory equipment, generators-, electric drills, etc contribute to noise pollution. Noise pollution tends to cause irritation and anger, the effects are more harmful in people suffering from high BP and in infants. It can lead to hearing impairment, increased heart-beat and blood pressure.

To stop environmental degradation, following steps can be opted:

● Reuse water and recycle water to minimise the wastage.

● Rainwater harvesting must be promoted.

● Replace coal with oil and gases to reduce the emission of smoke.

● Fix generators with silencers to reduce noise pollution.

● Use Earplugs and earphones to save from excessive noise.

● Treat the water before discharging into the rivers.

(i) POWER is the basic requirement to run machines in any industrial set up.

(ii) WORKER or the labours constitute for the man power required to handle machinery.

(iii) MARKET are the areas where products are sold by the manufacturers to the wholesalers or via retailers to the consumers.

(iv) RETAILER sells goods to the consumers.

(v) PRODUCT are produced as the final moiety in the manufacturing procedure.

(vi) MANUFACTURE is the process to make goods.

(vii) POLLUTION degrades the land, air, waters and soil resources.

1. AGROBASED industries include: cotton, jute, silk, oils etc.

2. SUGARCANE is the basic raw material for sugar industry. It is processed to yield sugar.

3. JUTE is also known as the golden crop because it yields good profits.

4. IRON STEEL industry needs the following raw materials: iron ore, coking coal and limestone.

5. BHILAI Steel Plant (BSP) is located in the Indian state of Chandigarh.

6. VARANASI is the leading producer for railway steel engines.

i) Cement industry uses raw materials like gypsum, limestone, etc.

ii) Other inputs such as gypsum and other raw materials also require transportation to the site of manufacturing and thus incur a transportation cost.

ii) Yes, the factory is situated at an area outside the residential zones, it follows the guidelines to control pollution.