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Answer: The average cell cycle span for mammalian cell is 24 hours.
Question 2.
Answer:
Question 3.
Answer: This phase is called ‘resting stage’, but it is in fact a period of great activity. Three important processes, which are preparatory to cell division, take place during interphase. They are, (i) Replication of DNA along with the synthesis of nuclear proteins such as histones. (ii) In animal cells, duplication of a centriole takes place by the outer growth of daughter centrioles from the parent centrioles, which are at right angles to each other. (iii) Synthesis of energy-rich compounds, which provide energy for mitosis and synthesis of proteins at the end of interphase.Interphase can be divided into three periods, (i) the post mitotic gap phase (G1) takes place at the end of one cell division. RNA and protein are synthesized during this period, but there is no synthesis of DNA. (ii) During the synthesis phase (S), DNA is formed form nucleotides and the DNA content of the nucleus is doubled. (iii) During the pre-mitotic gap phase (G2), synthesis of RNA and protein continues, but DNA synthesis stops. The duration of the S phase, the G2 phase and mitosis is generally constant in most cell types.The length of G1 phase is usually variable. Cells that do not divide frequently have a longer G1 phase, while frequently dividing cells have a shorter phase. During G1 phase, a cell may follow one of the three options; (a) cell may continue on the cycle and divide, (b) the cell can permanently stop division and enter G0 or quiescent stage and the (c) the cell cycle may be arrested at a specific point of G1 phase. The cell in the arrested condition is said to be in the G0 state. The cell in the G0 state may be considered to be withdrawn from the cell cycle. When conditions change and growth is resumed, the cell re-enters the G1 period. Eukaryotic chromosomes undergo condensation - de-condensation cycle during interphase. G1 chromosomes are completely dispersed.The most important point in the regulation of the cell cycle occurs in the G1 phase, during which it must decide whether the cell wall starts a new cycle or will become arrested in the G0 phase. Once this G1 check point has been passed, the cell goes on to complete a new cycle.The G1 phase can be terminated by various stimuli. Once a higher eukaryotic cell enters the S phase and has begun DNA replication, it usually begins to divide. During interphase, replication of chromosomes takes place so that each chromosome now consists of two chromatids. Following this, the cell enters into the mitosis (M) phase. Hence, the cell cycle is divided into four phases: G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase and M phase.
Question 4.
Answer: In adult animals some cells do not exhibit division and many other cells divide occasionally as to replace cells, which have been lost due to injury. These cells that do not divide further exit G1 phase to enter an inactive stage called quiescent stage (G0) of the cell cycle. Depending on the requirement of the organism the cells proliferate other wise the cells remain metabolically active but they do not proliferate.
Question 5.
Answer: In mitosis, the process of cell division occurs whereby the chromosomes are duplicated and distributed equally to the daughter cells. This type of a division is called equational division.
Question 6.
Answer: (i) Chromosomes are moved to spindle equator during the metaphase stage. (ii) Centromere splits and chromatids separate during the anaphase. (iii) Pairing between homologous chromosomes takes place during zygotene stage of prophase I in meiosis. (iv) Crossing over between homologous chromosomes takes place during the pachytene stage of prophase I in meiosis.
Question 7.
Answer: (a) The process of association during the crossing over of chromosomes in the zygotene stage is called synapsis. (b) At the end of synapsis a synaptonemal complex is formed. This complex formed by a pair of synapsed homologous chromosomes is called a bivalent or tetrad. (c) The beginning of the diplotene stage is marked by the beginning of separation of the paired homologous chromosomes. The separation of homologous chromosomes is however not completed. They remain attached at one or more points where crossing over has occurred. These points of attachment are called chiasmata.
Question 8.
Answer: Cytokinesis is different in an animal and a plant cell. In animal cells a cleavage furrow appears at the beginning of telophase. This furrow or constriction becomes progressively deeper as the spindle breaks down. Eventually, the in-growing constrictions join and separate two daughter cells. This division of cytoplasm is called cytokinesis. When nuclear division takes place without cytoplasmic division, it results in the formation of syncytium, which is a condition where a large number of nuclei are present in a single cell.In plants, there is a formation of cell plate between the two daughter nuclei. This grows from the middle towards the periphery and finally joins the cell wall. The cell plate represents the middle lamella between the walls of two adjacent cells. During cell division, cell organelles like mitochondria, plastids, golgi complex, lysosomes and the cytoplasmic matrix are distributed into the two daughter cells. Of these, mitochondria and plastids reproduce themselves, but details of the fate of other organelles are not yet known.
Question 9.
Answer: Meiosis takes place during gametogenesis in plants and animals. Under gametogenesis the formation of sperm is called spermatogenesis at the end of which four daughter cells of equal size is formed. Formation of ovum is called oogenesis, which results in the formation of four unequal daughter cells.
Question 10.
Answer:
Question 11.
Answer:
Question 12.
Answer: (i) It maintains a definite and constant number of chromosomes in the organisms.(ii) By crossing over, meiosis provides an opportunity for the exchange of genes and thus, causes genetic variation within the species. The variation serves as raw material in the evolutionary process.(iii) Meiosis has an impact on genetic consequences due to events such as paring of homologous chromosomes, process of crossing over and recombination and segregation of homologous chromosomes.
Question 13.
Answer: In mitosis ‘S’ phase is the period during which DNA synthesis or replication takes place. In animals DNA replication begins in the nucleus and centriole duplicates in the cytoplasm.
Question 14.
Answer: Replication of DNA takes place only during the ‘S’ phase of cell division. There cannot be a DNA replication without cell division.
Question 15.
Answer: (i) The number of chromosomes (N) remains constant throughout the different stages in mitosis. In meiosis the number of chromosome is reduced to half that is from diploid to haploid. During the anaphase I stage this half number is carried on till the end of meiosis.(ii) The amount of DNA (C) becomes double during the interphase stage which is followed by mitosis. This doubling occurs due to the replication of the DNA.
Cell Cycle And Cell Division
Class 11th Biology Bihar Board Solution
Ncert Questions
- What is the average cell cycle span for a mammalian cell?
- Distinguish cytokinesis from karyokinesis.
- Describe the events taking place during interphase.
- What is G0 (quiescent phase) of cell cycle?
- Why is mitosis called equational division?
- Name the stage of cell cycle at which one of the following events occur: (i) Chromosomes…
- Describe the following: (a) synapsis(b) bivalent(c) chiasmata.
- How does cytokinesis in plant cells differ from that in animal cells?…
- Find examples where the four daughter cells from meiosis are equal in size and where they…
- Distinguish anaphase of mitosis from anaphase I of meiosis.
- List the main differences between mitosis and meiosis.
- What is the significance of meiosis?
- Can there be mitosis without DNA replication in ‘S’ phase?
- Can there be DNA replication without cell division?
- Analyse the events during every stage of cell cycle and notice how the following two…
Ncert Questions
Question 1.What is the average cell cycle span for a mammalian cell?
Answer: The average cell cycle span for mammalian cell is 24 hours.
Question 2.
Distinguish cytokinesis from karyokinesis.
Answer:
Question 3.
Describe the events taking place during interphase.
Answer: This phase is called ‘resting stage’, but it is in fact a period of great activity. Three important processes, which are preparatory to cell division, take place during interphase. They are, (i) Replication of DNA along with the synthesis of nuclear proteins such as histones. (ii) In animal cells, duplication of a centriole takes place by the outer growth of daughter centrioles from the parent centrioles, which are at right angles to each other. (iii) Synthesis of energy-rich compounds, which provide energy for mitosis and synthesis of proteins at the end of interphase.Interphase can be divided into three periods, (i) the post mitotic gap phase (G1) takes place at the end of one cell division. RNA and protein are synthesized during this period, but there is no synthesis of DNA. (ii) During the synthesis phase (S), DNA is formed form nucleotides and the DNA content of the nucleus is doubled. (iii) During the pre-mitotic gap phase (G2), synthesis of RNA and protein continues, but DNA synthesis stops. The duration of the S phase, the G2 phase and mitosis is generally constant in most cell types.The length of G1 phase is usually variable. Cells that do not divide frequently have a longer G1 phase, while frequently dividing cells have a shorter phase. During G1 phase, a cell may follow one of the three options; (a) cell may continue on the cycle and divide, (b) the cell can permanently stop division and enter G0 or quiescent stage and the (c) the cell cycle may be arrested at a specific point of G1 phase. The cell in the arrested condition is said to be in the G0 state. The cell in the G0 state may be considered to be withdrawn from the cell cycle. When conditions change and growth is resumed, the cell re-enters the G1 period. Eukaryotic chromosomes undergo condensation - de-condensation cycle during interphase. G1 chromosomes are completely dispersed.The most important point in the regulation of the cell cycle occurs in the G1 phase, during which it must decide whether the cell wall starts a new cycle or will become arrested in the G0 phase. Once this G1 check point has been passed, the cell goes on to complete a new cycle.The G1 phase can be terminated by various stimuli. Once a higher eukaryotic cell enters the S phase and has begun DNA replication, it usually begins to divide. During interphase, replication of chromosomes takes place so that each chromosome now consists of two chromatids. Following this, the cell enters into the mitosis (M) phase. Hence, the cell cycle is divided into four phases: G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase and M phase.
Question 4.
What is G0 (quiescent phase) of cell cycle?
Answer: In adult animals some cells do not exhibit division and many other cells divide occasionally as to replace cells, which have been lost due to injury. These cells that do not divide further exit G1 phase to enter an inactive stage called quiescent stage (G0) of the cell cycle. Depending on the requirement of the organism the cells proliferate other wise the cells remain metabolically active but they do not proliferate.
Question 5.
Why is mitosis called equational division?
Answer: In mitosis, the process of cell division occurs whereby the chromosomes are duplicated and distributed equally to the daughter cells. This type of a division is called equational division.
Question 6.
Name the stage of cell cycle at which one of the following events occur: (i) Chromosomes are moved to spindle equator. (ii) Centromere splits and chromatids separate. (iii) Pairing between homologous chromosomes takes place. (iv) Crossing over between homologous chromosomes takes place.
Answer: (i) Chromosomes are moved to spindle equator during the metaphase stage. (ii) Centromere splits and chromatids separate during the anaphase. (iii) Pairing between homologous chromosomes takes place during zygotene stage of prophase I in meiosis. (iv) Crossing over between homologous chromosomes takes place during the pachytene stage of prophase I in meiosis.
Question 7.
Describe the following: (a) synapsis (b) bivalent (c) chiasmata.
Answer: (a) The process of association during the crossing over of chromosomes in the zygotene stage is called synapsis. (b) At the end of synapsis a synaptonemal complex is formed. This complex formed by a pair of synapsed homologous chromosomes is called a bivalent or tetrad. (c) The beginning of the diplotene stage is marked by the beginning of separation of the paired homologous chromosomes. The separation of homologous chromosomes is however not completed. They remain attached at one or more points where crossing over has occurred. These points of attachment are called chiasmata.
Question 8.
How does cytokinesis in plant cells differ from that in animal cells?
Answer: Cytokinesis is different in an animal and a plant cell. In animal cells a cleavage furrow appears at the beginning of telophase. This furrow or constriction becomes progressively deeper as the spindle breaks down. Eventually, the in-growing constrictions join and separate two daughter cells. This division of cytoplasm is called cytokinesis. When nuclear division takes place without cytoplasmic division, it results in the formation of syncytium, which is a condition where a large number of nuclei are present in a single cell.In plants, there is a formation of cell plate between the two daughter nuclei. This grows from the middle towards the periphery and finally joins the cell wall. The cell plate represents the middle lamella between the walls of two adjacent cells. During cell division, cell organelles like mitochondria, plastids, golgi complex, lysosomes and the cytoplasmic matrix are distributed into the two daughter cells. Of these, mitochondria and plastids reproduce themselves, but details of the fate of other organelles are not yet known.
Question 9.
Find examples where the four daughter cells from meiosis are equal in size and where they are found unequal in size.
Answer: Meiosis takes place during gametogenesis in plants and animals. Under gametogenesis the formation of sperm is called spermatogenesis at the end of which four daughter cells of equal size is formed. Formation of ovum is called oogenesis, which results in the formation of four unequal daughter cells.
Question 10.
Distinguish anaphase of mitosis from anaphase I of meiosis.
Answer:
Question 11.
List the main differences between mitosis and meiosis.
Answer:
Question 12.
What is the significance of meiosis?
Answer: (i) It maintains a definite and constant number of chromosomes in the organisms.(ii) By crossing over, meiosis provides an opportunity for the exchange of genes and thus, causes genetic variation within the species. The variation serves as raw material in the evolutionary process.(iii) Meiosis has an impact on genetic consequences due to events such as paring of homologous chromosomes, process of crossing over and recombination and segregation of homologous chromosomes.
Question 13.
Can there be mitosis without DNA replication in ‘S’ phase?
Answer: In mitosis ‘S’ phase is the period during which DNA synthesis or replication takes place. In animals DNA replication begins in the nucleus and centriole duplicates in the cytoplasm.
Question 14.
Can there be DNA replication without cell division?
Answer: Replication of DNA takes place only during the ‘S’ phase of cell division. There cannot be a DNA replication without cell division.
Question 15.
Analyse the events during every stage of cell cycle and notice how the following two parameters change (i) number of chromosomes (N) per cell (ii) amount of DNA content (C) per cell
Answer: (i) The number of chromosomes (N) remains constant throughout the different stages in mitosis. In meiosis the number of chromosome is reduced to half that is from diploid to haploid. During the anaphase I stage this half number is carried on till the end of meiosis.(ii) The amount of DNA (C) becomes double during the interphase stage which is followed by mitosis. This doubling occurs due to the replication of the DNA.