People And Migration

The urban migration is the common situation in which people from rural areas will move to urban migration due to attraction towards employment, education, health, and some other factors. The migration mainly happens from rural to urban due to many reasons. The main reasons for the migration are:

• Employment

Lack of employment in rural areas is the main reason for the migration from rural to urban occurs. In urban areas, there are more employment opportunities due to the factories and industries.

• Better education

Another reason for the migration from the rural to urban is for the attraction towards the better education facility in urban. Schooling in rural lack quality.

• Better health care

Urban areas provide better health care and infrastructure facility which attract the migrants from the rural to urban. Health facility in the interior areas worse than the facility in urban areas.

Migration from urban to rural is a situation in which people move from urban areas to rural areas. These may not be due to the better standard of living, but it is due to environmental factors.

• Pollution

Urban areas are most affected by high pollution and diseases. For the betterment of their lives, the people migrate from urban to rural.

• Lack of affordability

The cost of living in urban areas is costlier than the rural areas. This cost is higher because there is a lack of houses and free space for the migrants. This less supply of houses makes the price of the houses and accommodation costlier.

The urban migration happens due to the attraction towards the infrastructure, health care, education and better standard of living whereas the rural migration happens mostly due environmental and economic factors; such as pollution and cost of living.

The periodic movement of people from one place to another place for the temporary situation is known as seasonal migration. These are mainly followed due to harsh conditions in rural areas for the agricultural workers. In this case, the turmeric harvesters move from one district to another district temporarily for 3 months in a year for the agricultural purpose, and they can be considered as seasonal migrants.

a. Since the woman has moved after marriage to her husband’s house, it cannot be considered as seasonal migration. It is a permanent migration to the husband’s place.

b. Turmeric harvesters moving from one district to another district in Tamil Nadu for three months in a year can be considered as Seasonal migration.

c. Cycle rickshaw pullers in Delhi coming from rural parts of Bihar for six months can be considered under seasonal or temporary migration. They are seasonal migrants because they are migrated for only six months for their employment. This six-month duration can be due to the harsh condition in their rural areas or lack of employment in rural areas.

d. The workers from Nalgonda district come to work as a domestic maid to Hyderabad is known as urban migration. She has been moved to Hyderabad permanently for the employment opportunity.

The migration is the most common process in any country. The U.S is an example for the country of migrants from different nations. It cannot be said that migrants from rural areas are troublemakers in their destination. Most of the migrants migrate from place to place in search of employment opportunities, education, and many such indicators. Reasons for which they cannot be troublemakers:

• They migrate for their growth and bright future. In this journey, they do not make trouble to anyone which may affect them in their life.

• In some permanent migrations, the migrated people sacrifice for the socio, economic, cultural and scientific development of their migrated countries. Example: the U.S is the number one country with most of the migrated people in the world.

• Some of the most intelligent and ambitions individuals who are unhappy with their own countries bring their skills to new destinations.

But there can be rare cases in which people migrate to rob from the rich people. But these minute facts cannot state that all the migrants are troublemakers.

a. International migration

People migrate from one country to another country is known as international migration. Therefore people moving from India to Saudi Arabia for employment as a technician are termed as international migrants.

b. Internal Migrants

They are internal migrants because they are moving from Bihar to Punjab in which the movement takes place within the country. The people moving within the domestic territory are known as internal migration.

c. Internal migrants

They are internal migrants because they move from Odisha to Andhra Pradesh to work as brick workers. In this case, the movement takes place within the domestic territory.

d. International migrants

They are international migrants because they move from China to India for the teaching profession in which the movement takes place with international boundaries. Therefore they are known as international migrants.

I do agree. It is true that most of the migrant family’s children become drop-out either due to parents fault or due to the children’s fault. The reasons for the statement are:

• Migrant families feel dissimilar to readmit their children. Instead, they take them to their working sites and make them as their companion for their works with a motive of earning more money.

• When they migrate due to agricultural failure and in search of new jobs. This condition makes the family survive; therefore children cannot afford education due to the family situation.

• Higher education schooling facility may not be available in the locality. Parents feel unsafe to send their children far and make them study, which is also time-consuming.

• It takes a lot of time for the children to adjust to the environment and if they don't take up well with the people, it may result in depression. Depression reduces the concentration in studies and makes them drop out.

Purchasing power is the purchasing capacity of the people which means their income. The people’s main motivation to migrate to an urban area is in search of employment opportunity or higher wages. The wages in urban areas will be higher compared to rural areas. When the wages of the urban area is higher than the wages of rural areas, then their income rises which will result in better purchasing power than before.

Technically and professionally qualified people migrate to the developed countries. They mostly include people like doctors, engineers, and IT professionals. The developed countries saw the migration of semi-skilled and unskilled workers during 1950s and 1960s when they were achieving the peak of development. Today, most professional workers are required by the developed nations as they have already attained development in the other sectors of the economy. They were characterized by industrial development as early as at the beginning of the 19th century. They require professionally qualified staff to maintain the economy and take strategic decisions. Because of the higher standard of living, better salary and other factors, professionals migrate to developed countries.

West Asian countries are rich countries and the wage rates in those countries are very high. West Asian countries are rich in petroleum products. Therefore, they are known as the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). In these countries, they need only un-skilled workers because to employ the workers in lower wages. They employ the workers on a contract basis. Reasons for employing unskilled workers;

• They employ workers on a large scale with lower wages. They do not need technically skilled or professionals for these jobs.

• Some west Asian countries are underdeveloped countries. They need only unskilled workers to work in their factories and industries for the low wages, and another reason is there is a lack of such type of workers in their country.

• Currency value the West Asian country is more than Indian rupee which means the exchange rate is higher.

The people from the states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh are able to go to work considerably in the West Asian countries. West Asian countries are developing oil exporting countries and require workers only on a contract basis. They are mainly employed in the construction sector, markets, and transport facilities. Workers from the states are able to work in the West Asian countries because of their hard-working nature and their willpower to stay irrespective of the odds. The strong relationships that these states have with the West Asian countries also induce them to migrate there. Most of the states especially Kerala have received huge remittances resulting improvement in their standard of living. Most of them return back depending upon the working conditions in the countries.

Similarities:

• Both the type of migration takes place in search of a better standard of living indicators such as employment, education, etc.

• In both, the condition the overall economic condition is being improved and social status is enhanced.

• Migration changes the lifestyle of the migrants. A cultural exchange takes place in both the type of migration.

Dissimilarities

• In international migration, there are lots of checkpoints for the migration and people need visa and passport for the migration whereas in internal migration there is no such process.

• No restrictions to work in any part of the domestic territory whereas in international trade need special permission from government servants to work in outside countries.

Difference